Chapter LXI: Book III: of the second part of the prologue (ll. 33-63) to the epilogue (3)

On Sources, etc.: Wezel, _De Sil. Ital. cum fontibus tum exemplis_, diss., Lpz., 1873; Heynacher, _Die Quellen des Sil._, Ilfeld, 1874; _Die Stellung des Sil. unter d. Quellen des 2ᵗᵉⁿ pun. Kriegs_, Ilf., 1877 (attempt to displace Livy as Silius’s source in favour of some early annalist like Fabius Pictor); Kerer, _Ueber d. Abhängigkeit des S.I. von Livius_, Bozen, 1881; Schlichteisen, _De fide historica Silii_, Königeb., 1881; Bauer, _Das Verhältn. der Pun. des S.I. zur 3. Dekade des Livius_, Erlang., 1884.

On Date of Composn., etc.: Schinkel, _Quaest. Silianae_, diss., Halle, 1883; Buchwald, _Quaest. Sil._, diss., Bresl., 1886.

On Language: Zingerle, _Zu späteren lat. Dichtern_, Heft II., pp. 12 _sqq._; “Zu Lucan, Silius, Martial,” Innsb., 1879; Brandstäter, _De Pun. ... argumento, stilo, ornatu poetico_, Witten, 1877; Occioni, _L’arte in S. Ital._, etc., in _Scritti di lett. latina_, Rome, 1891; Lindblom, _In S. Ital. Punica Quaestiones_, Upsal., 1906.

[1324] Tac., _Hist._, III. lxv.; Mart. VII. lxiii., VIII. lxvi., IX. lxxxvi., XI. xlviii. and l., XII. lxvii. 5.

[1325] From the _fasti sodalium Augustalium Claudialium_ (_C.I.L._, VI., 1984; Dessau, 5025).

[1326] Mart., VII. lxiii. 5-8; _cf._ IX. lxxxvi. 2: “Ausonio non semel ore potens.”

[1327] Epict., _Diss._, III. 8, 7.

[1328] Mart., IV. xiv. 1-5.

[1329] Mart., VII. lxiii. 1-2:

“Perpetui numquam moritura uolumina Sili
Qui legis.”

Martial’s seventh book belongs to the end of 92.

[1330] Bickels, _Rh. M._, 66 (1911), p. 505.

[1331] _Pun._, II. 215:

“Sicut agit leuibus per sera crepuscula pennis
E pastu uolucres ad nota cubilia Vesper;
Aut, ubi Cecropius formidine nubis aquosae
Sparsa super flores examina tollit Hymettos,
Ad dulces ceras et odori corticis antra
Mellis apes grauidae properant, densoque uolatu,
Raucum connexae glomerant ad limina murmur.”

[1332] III. 145: “Quantum etenim distant a morte silentia uitae!”

[1333] IV. 603-604.

[1334] IV. 791-795.

[1335] V. 673-676:

“Fronte minae durant, et stant in uultibus irae.
Et uereor no quae tanta creat indole tellus
Magnanimos fecunda uiros, huic fata dicarint
Imperium, atque ipsis deuincat cladibus orbem.”

[1336] VI. 118 _sqq._

[1337] VI. 373 _sqq._

[1338] VIII. 144-223 belong to this digression, and first appeared in the Aldine ed., 1523, supplying a lacuna in earlier edns. Their genuineness is effectively defended by Heitland, _Jrl. Phil._, XXIV., 1896.

[1339] VIII. 327-348.

[1340] VIII. 408-411.

[1341] VIII. 593 _sqq._

[1342] IX. 250-251.

[1343] IX. 346-353.

[1344] X. 521 _sqq._

[1345] X. 572 _sqq._

[1346] X. 629.

[1347] XIV. 341 _sqq._

[1348] XV. 26-27:

“lasciuaque crebras
Ancipiti motu iaciebant lumina flammas.”

[1349] _Eg._ esp. XV. 53-67.

[1350] XVII. 213-217, an imitation of Lucan’s description of Pompey’s farewell to Italy, _Phars._, III. 3-5.

[1351] XVII. 608-612.

[1352] On the oratorical side also Silius departs from Livy’s themes without any intention of making his speeches historical in effect. See R. B. Steele, “The Method of Silius Italicus,” _Class. Philol._, XVII., 1922.

[1353] The conventionality of the similes is emphasized by their frequency, and their effectiveness proportionally lessened. At least 15 occur in Bk. VII., 13 in Bk. X., 11 in Bk. XVII. They are sometimes elaborated to 6 or 7 lines, sometimes restricted to a few words, _e.g._ “ut torrens,” XV. 712, the first of 5 similes in 3 lines.

[1354] It was unfortunate for Silius that his employment of proper names and the position assigned to them in his metrical structure followed Lucan’s manner rather than Virgil’s.

[1355] IV. 173-174, V. 455-456, XIII. 246-248, XV. 470 (“absciso durabant murmura collo”).

[1356] XIV. 550.

[1357] XV. 767-768.

[1358] _Phars._, II. 203; _Pun._, IV. 553, IX. 321.

[1359] V. 210 _sqq._, VI. 300 (“praesumta piacula”).

[1360] IV. 82-87.

[1361] IV. 481, XI. 513-515, XV. 676-677.

[1362] III. 285-286:

“qui sacratas in littore siluas
Atque inter frondes reuirescere uiderat aurum.”

[1363] I. 179; XI. 186-188; XV. 20-120, 819-820.

[1364] XIII. 772-734.

[1365] _Cf._ VIII. 290-291: “nigro adlatrauerat ore uictorem inuidia.”

[1366] _Pun._, I. 231-233:

“Astur auarus
Visceribus lacerae telluris mergitur imis,
Et redit infelix effosso concolor auro”;

_Silu._, IV. vii. 14-16:

“Dalmatae montes, ubi Dite uiso
Pallidus fossor redit erutoque
Concolor auro.”

[1367] _Cf._ Ennius’s “At tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit,” and Virgil, _Aen._, IX. 503:

“At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro
Increpuit.”

[1368] _Cf._ _Iliad_, XVI. 215: ἀσπὶς ἄρ’ ἀσπίδ’ ἔρειδε, κόρυς κόρυν, ἀνέρα δ’ ἀνήρ: Ennius, “premitur pede pes atque armis arma teruntur”; Furius Antias (_c._ 100 B.C.) ap. Macrob., _Sat._, VI. iii. 5: “pressatur pede pes, mucro mucrone, uiro uir”; Virg., _Aen._, X. 361: “haeret pede pes densusque uiro uir”; and Statius, perhaps reminded by Silius, takes over this conventional line, _Theb._, VIII. 399: “ense minax ensis, pede pes, et cuspide cuspis.” The half-dozen lines in Silius (IX. 321 _sqq._) make a good example of a mosaic of archaisms; Lucan is imitated in “nec ... artatis cecidisse licet”; the rare _flictu_ is Pacuvian and Virgilian; _fatiscit_ echoes Virgil; and the alliteration introduced is designedly quaint.

[1369] Text: ed. pr., Rome,(?) 1475; c. comm., Ven., 1483, 1494; Aldus, Ven., 1502 and 1519; Tiliobroga (= Lindenbrog), Par., 1600; Gronov., Amst., 1653; Veenhusen (varior. not.), Leyd., 1671; _Theb._, i.-vi., O. Müller, Lpz., 1870; Opera, 3 vols., Lpz., 1884-1902 (_Silv._, _Achill._, Klotz.; _Theb._, Kohlmann; commentarios rec. Jahnke); _Theb._, _Achill._, Wilkins in _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Garrod, Oxf., 1906; _Siluae_: Markland, Lond., 1728; Vollmer (Germ. comment.), Lpz., 1898; Davies in _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Phillimore, Oxf., 1905; ed. 2, 1917; Sänger, Petrogr., 1909; Klotz, ed. 2, Lpz., 1911.

Comment.: Gronovii, _In Silv. ... Diatribe_, Hag., 1637 (also in Veenhusen’s ed., 1671); Nohl, _Quaest. Stat._, Berl., 1871; Lehanneur, _De P. P. Statii Vita et Operibus Quaest._, thèse, La Rochelle, 1878; Vollmer, Introd. to ed. of _Silv._, 1898; Legras, _Les légendes Théb. dans l’epopée et la tragéd. grecq._, Par., 1905; _Étude sur la Théb. de Stace_, Par., 1905; _Les Puniques et la Thébaïde_ (_Rev. d. étud. anciennes_), 1906; Giri, in _Riv. di filol. ... classica_, vol. 35, 3, 1907 (biogr. points).

Eng. Trans.: _Theb._, 5 Bks. (verse), Stephens, 1648; _Achill._ (verse), Howard, 1660; _Theb._, Bk. I., Pope (heroic couplets), transd. 1703, pubd. 1712 (also in Chalmers’s _Wks. of Eng. Poets_, Vol. XX., 1810); _Theb._, Lewis (couplets), ed. 2, 1773; _Silv._, II. vii. (“Lucan’s Birthday,” octosyll.); _C.R._, XXI. (1907), p. 92; _Silv._, Slater (prose), Oxf., 1908.

[1370] _Silv._, V. iii. 72-73: “mihi limine primo ... ceu raptus,” etc., implies that Statius regarded his father, although a man of 65, as having been snatched away from vigorous manhood by an untimely death.

[1371] _Silv._, IV. iv. 69-70: “nos facta aliena canendo vergimur in senium.”

[1372] Juv., VII. 86. This must have been before Paris’s loss of Domitian’s favour in 83.

[1373] Juv., VII. 82.

[1374] _Silv._, I. _praef._: “adhuc pro Thebaide mea, quamuis me reliquerit, timeo.” The words in _Silv._, IV. iv. 89, “Thebais optato collegit carbasa portu” (published in A.D. 95), apparently refer to the attainment of fame by the _Thebaid_ some time after publication.

[1375] _Silv._, I. v. 8, III. ii. 40 and 142, III. v. 35-36.

[1376] _Theb._, XII. 810 _sqq._:

“Durabisne procul dominoque legere superstes,
O mihi bissenos multum uigilata per annos,
Thebaï....”

_Cf._ _Silv._, IV. vii. 26: “Thebais multa cruciata lima.”

[1377] _Silv._, IV. iv. 94-96.

[1378] _Ib._, IV. vii. 23-24: “primis ecce metis haeret Achilles”; V. v. 36-37: “pudeat Thebasque nouumque Aeaciden.”

[1379] V. ii. 162-163.

[1380] Postgate’s _C.P.L._, p. 430.

[1381] As a Livian epitomator he is discussed by Galdi, _L’Epitome nella letteratura latina_, 1922, pp. 40-43.

[1382] _Silv._, IV. iv. 48-55:

“sed uiget ingenium et magnos accinctus in usus
fert animus quascumque uices....”

[1383] _Silv._, IV. ii.

[1384] _Silv._, IV. vi.

[1385] _Silv._, IV. vi. 12-14:

“nobis uerus amor medioque Helicone petitus
sermo hilaresque ioci brumalem absumere noctem
suaserunt.”

[1386] The exact total is 9741 hexameters.

[1387] _Theb._, I. 536 _sqq._:

“Noua deinde pudori
Visa uirum facies: pariter pallorque ruborque
Purpureas hausere genas oculique uerentis
Ad sanctum rediere patrem.”

[1388] II. 319 _sqq._:

“Exedere animum dolor iraque demens
Et qua non grauior mortalibus addita curis,
Spes ubi longa uenit.”

[1389] II. 547 _sqq._

[1390] II. 611-612.

[1391] III. 255 _sqq._

[1392] IV. 438 _sqq._

[1393] IV. 680 _sqq._

[1394] VII. 478.

[1395] VII. 779 _sqq._

[1396] VII. 816 _sqq._

[1397] VIII. 614 _sqq._

[1398] VIII. 643.

[1399] _Th._, XII. 481 _sqq._:

Vrbe fuit media nulli concessa potentum,
Ara deum: mitis posuit Clementia sedem,
Et miseri fecere sacram; sine supplice numquam
Illa nouo, nulla damnauit uota repulsa.
Auditi quicumque rogant, noctesque diesque
Ire datum et solis numen placare querellis.
Parca superstitio: non turea flamma, nec altus
Accipitur sanguis: lacrimis altaria sudant.

[1400] His use of Euripides has been recently considered by Reussner, diss., Halle, 1921.

[1401] One finds chains of phraseology like Ovid, _Met._, XV. 529: “unumque erat omnia uolnus,” Luc., _Phars._, IX. 814: “totum est pro uolnere corpus,” Stat., _Theb._, V. 598: “totumque in uolnere corpus.”

[1402] _E.g._ “Scire nefas,” _Theb._, III. 563.

[1403] _Ach._, 7: “tota iuuenem deducere Troia.”

[1404] _Ach._, 8-13.

[1405] _Purgat._, xxi. 89: “Tolosano.”

[1406] See Graf, _Roma nella memoria e nelle immagionazioni del medio evo_, cap. xvii., Tur., 1882.

[1407] A. C. Clark, “The Literary Discoveries of Poggio,” _C.R._, xiii. (1899), pp. 119-130; Phillimore, _Siluae_, ed. 2, 1921, _praef._

[1408] I. vi.; II. vii.; IV. iii. and ix.

[1409] IV. v. and vii.

[1410] _Silv._, I., _praef._ Statius says none of these pieces occupied over a couple of days, “nullum enim ex illis biduo longius tractum”; _cf._ his references to “gratiam celeritatis” and in II., _praef._: “stili facilitatem”; III., _praef._: “libellorum istorum temeritatem” and “audaciam stili nostri.”

[1411] _Inst. Or._, X. iii. 17: “primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam uelocissimo et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt: hanc _siluam_ uocant.”

[1412] _Silv._, I. _praef._

[1413] _Silv._, I. iii. 13-23.

[1414] _Ib._, I. iv. 43-49.

[1415] _Silv._, I. iv. 52:

“Non illud culpa senectae
(Quippe ea bisenis uixdum orsa excedere lustris),
Sed labor intendens animique in membra uigentis
Imperium uigilesque suo pro Caesare curae,
Dulce opus. Hinc fessos penitus subrepsit in artus
Insidiosa quies et pigra obliuio uitae.”

[1416] _Ib._, v. 60-62.

[1417] II. i. 87-88.

[1418] _Ib._, 218-225: “ibimus omnes,” etc.

[1419] II. ii. 44 _sqq._

[1420] _Ib._ 48-49:

“Cum iam fessa dies et in aequora montis opaci
Vmbra cadit uitreoque natat praetoria ponto.”

[1421] _Ib._, 100-106: “Saepe per autumnum iam pubescente Lyaeo,” etc.

[1422] _Ib._, II. vii. 89 _sqq._:

“O saeuae nimium grauesque Parcae!
O numquam data longa fata summis!
Cur plus, ardua, casibus patetis?
Cur saeua uice magna non senescunt?”

[1423] III. i. 12-14.

[1424] _Ib._, ii. 78-80:

“Fugit ecce uagas ratis acta per undas
Paulatim minor et longe seruantia uincit
Lumina tot gracili ligno complexa timores.”

[1425] _Ib._, iii. 39-40.

[1426] IV. iv. 33-34:

“Vires instigat alitque
Tempestiua quies, maior post otia uirtus.”

[1427] _Ib._, vii. 13-16.

[1428] V. i. 117-119.

[1429] _Ib._, 122-126:

“Velut Apula coniunx
Agricolae parci uel sole infecta Sabino,
Quae uidet emeriti iam prospectantibus astris
Tempus adesse uiri, propere mensasque torosque
Instruit expectatque sonum redeuntis aratri.”

[1430] _Latin Lit._, p. 189.

[1431] From “Sonnets from the Antique,” by J. Wight Duff in Quatercentenary number of _Alma Mater_ (Aberdeen Univ. Mag.), Sept., 1906.

[1432] V. v. 62-64:

“Potius fugientia ripas
Flumina detineas rapidis aut ignibus obstes
Quam miseros lugere uetes.”

[1433] See J. S. Duncan, _Influence of Art on Description in Poetry of S._, diss., Baltim., 1914.

[1434] _Silv._, I. ii. 250: “qui nobile gressu extremo fraudatis opus”; _cf._ Ov., _Am._ I. i. 3-4: “risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem.”

[1435] _Th._, III. 198: “Bina per ingentes stipabant funera portas.”

[1436] _Th._, I. 27: “ignipedum frenator equorum.”

[1437] _Silv._, III. i. 41: “multo fratre madentem.”

[1438] _Silv._, II. i. 124.

[1439] _Silv._, I. iii. 8: “Pisaeumque domus non aestuat annum.”

[1440] _Th._, III. 382: “obliquatque preces”; _Th._, V. 722: “alternaque pectora mutant”; _Th._, IV. 248 _sqq._: “saltus ... pacabat cornu”; _Th._, IV. 706: “Eoae liquentia pabula brumae.”

[1441] He has an eye for colour in marble, woods, a parrot, a peacock, etc., and an evident liking for _uiridis_ in its literal and metaphorical sense.

[1442] _Silv._, II. v. 17-19:

“Virtusque cadenti
A media iam morte redit nec protinus omnes
Terga dedere minae.”

[1443] Butler, _Post-Aug. Poetry_, p. 123, cites statistics from Drobisch, _Versuch üb. die Formen des lat. Hex._, 140.

[1444] Ed. pr. (without _Spectacula_), Spira, Ven., 1470; Ferrara, 1471; Aldus, Ven., 1501; Gruter, Frankf., 1602; Rader, Ingolst., 1602; Scriverius (not. var.), Leid., 1619, 1621; Schrevelius (c. not. Gronov.), Amst., 1661, 1670; Collesso (Delphin., index verb.), Par., 1660; Pomba press, 2 vols., Turin, 1833 (based on Rader, Farnaby, etc.); Schneidewin (krit. apparat.), Grimma, 1842, Leipz., 1853; Gilbert, Leipz., 1886, 1912; Friedländer (Introd., Germ. comment.), 2 vols., Leipz., 1886 (_cf._ for background his _Sittengesch. Roms_); Lindsay, Oxf., 1902; J. D. Duff in Postgate’s _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Heraeus, Leipz., 1925.

Selectns.: Paley and Stone, Lond., 1868, 1881; Sellar and Ramsay, Edinb., 1884; Stephenson, Lond., ed. 4, 1899; Bridge and Lake, Oxf., 1908.

Trans.: Vol. in Bohn’s Class. Lib. contains specimens of verse translators of 17th and 18th cents.; Eng. prose (w. Lat.), Ker, Loeb ed., 2 vols., Lond. and New York, 1919-1920.

Translns. and Imitations (select): Francis and Tatum, Camb., 1924.

Other Wks.: Nisard, in _Les poètes lat. de la décadence_, ed. 3, 1867, I., pp. 381-471; Boissier, “Le poète Martial” in _Tacite_, ed. 4, Par., 1908, pp. 281-335; Eng. tr., Hutchison, Lond., 1906; Pisani, _Marziale_, Mil., 1904; Butler, _Post-Aug. Poetry_, Oxf., 1909, pp. 251-286; Plessis, _La poés. lat._, Par., 1909, p. 578; Giarratano, _De M. re metrica_, Naples, 1908; K. Flower Smith, _M. the Epigrammatist and other Essays_, Balt., U.S.A., 1920.

On Martial’s models: Paukstadt, _De M. Catulli imitatore_, diss., Halle, 1876; Zingerle, _Mart. Ovidstudien_, Innsbr., 1877; and “Zu Lucan Silius Martial” in _Zu Spät. lat. Dichtern_, Hft. 2, Innsbr., 1879; Schulze, _Mart. Catullstudien, Fleck. Jahrb._, 137, 1887; Wagner, _De Martiale poet. Augusteae aet. imitatore_, diss., Königsb. 1880 (by the same, resemblances w. earlier and later authors in Friedl.’s ed.).

[1445] X. xxiv.

[1446] IV. lii. 3. Why the surname _Coquus_ was added in the Middle Ages remains a mystery.

[1447] X. lxv. 3-4.

[1448] V. xxxiv.

[1449] IX. lxxiii. 7-8:

“At me litterulas stulti docuere parentes:
Quid cum grammaticis rhetoribusque mihi?”

[1450] _In Helv._, vi.

[1451] X. lxv. 4-7: “Tagique ciuis.... Hispanis ego contumax capillis.”

[1452] III. xxxviii. 12.

[1453] I. cxiii.

[1454] Tribune, III. xcv. 9; _eques_, V. xiii. 1-2.

[1455] II. xci., xcii.; III. xcv. 5, where “Caesar uterque” may imply conferment of the _ius_ by Titus on the recommendation of his brother Domitian, or Domitian’s confirmation of a concession promised by Titus. Schanz mentions Lieben’s view that the “two emperors” were Vespasian and Titus.

[1456] “Valebis uxor,” II. xcii. 3, means “farewell to you, the wife of my imagination” or “farewell to the idea of a wife.” The wife addressed in an indecent manner in another epigram could not conceivably have been his own.

[1457] For Nomentum, II. xxxviii.; XII. lvii.; XIII. xlii., cxix.; “scalis habito tribus sed altis,” I. cxvii. 7.

[1458] IX. xviii. 2, xcvii. 7-8.

[1459] II. xxx. 5; II. xc.

[1460] V. lvi.

[1461] The “liber prior” of III. i. 3 was either a previous edition of III. or a combined edition of epigrams afterwards separated into Books I. and II., as Friedländer thought.

[1462] IV. xxv.

[1463] X. ciii. 7-10.

[1464] XII. xviii. 1-2, 7-9, 13-16.

[1465] Plin., _Ep._, III. xxi.: “erat homo ingeniosus acutus acer, et qui plurimum in scribendo et salis haberet et fellis nec candoris minus.”

[1466] II. xciii. refers to Books I. and II. The author in V. ii. calls the book his fifth, and refers to the preceding four. The arrangement in seven books is mentioned VII. xvii. 6.

[1467] Friedländer’s chronology is generally accepted with slight modifications. It is not seriously upset by Dau, _De Mart. libellorum ratione temporibusque_, Rost., 1887. _Cf._ Schanz, _op. cit._, pp. 181, 184.

[1468] IV. xlix. 1-2:

“Nescit, crede mihi, quid sint epigrammata, Flacce,
Qui tantum lusus illa iocosque uocat.”

[1469] V. xvi. 1.

[1470] V. xvi. 13-14.

[1471] V. xv. 5-6.

[1472] V. xxxvi.:

“Laudatus nostro quidam, Faustine, libello,
Dissimulat quasi nil debeat: inposuit.”

[1473] VIII. iii. 19-20:

“At tu Romanos lepido sale tingue libellos:
Adgnoscat mores uita legatque suos.”

[1474] X. iv. 7-10:

“Quid te uana iuuant miserae ludibria chartae?
Hoc lege, quod possit dicere uita ‘meum est.’
Non hic Centauros, non Gorgonas Harpyiasque
Inuenies: hominem pagina nostra sapit.”

[1475] VIII. xiv. 5-6.

[1476] III. lviii.

[1477] I. xlix. 27-28: “focum infante cinctum sordido”; _cf._ II. xc. 7-8; XII. xviii. 19-21.

[1478] VIII. xx.

[1479] IX. lix. 22: “asse duos calices emit et ipse tulit.”

[1480] VIII. lxxix.

[1481] V. ix.

[1482] IX. xiv., xxvii., xxxvii.

[1483] VII. xxi., xxii., xxiii., xliv., xlv.; I. lxi. 7-8.

[1484] X. xix.

[1485] IV. xiv.

[1486] VII. lxiii.; IX. lxxxvi.; XI. xlviii.

[1487] VII. xxiv., xci.; XII. xviii.; _cf._ Juv., I. 7-14 with Mart., X. iv. 7-10.

[1488] VII. xii. 9; X. xxxiii. 10.

[1489] X. iii., v.

[1490] V. xxviii. 9: “ego esse miserum credo cui placet nemo.”

[1491] Keil, i., p. 485.

[1492] Pref. to _Epigr._, Bk. I.

[1493] _Cf._ C. W. Mendell, “M. and the Satiric Epigram,” _Cl. Philol._, Jan., 1922.

[1494] _Cf._ Friedrich, “Zu Seneca und M.,” _Herm._, xlv. 583-594.

[1495]

“Admiror, paries, te non cecidisse ruinis,
Qui tot scriptorum taedia sustineas.”

[1496] While Statius is never mentioned, it is likely that there are indirect glances at him; _e.g._ IV. xlix.; VIII. iii.; IX. l.; X. iv.; XIV. i. 11.

[1497] IV. xlix. 7-8.

[1498] I. xvi.

[1499] VII. lxxxv., xc.

[1500] X. xxx. 11-15:

“Hic summa leni stringitur Thetis uento;
Nec languet aequor: uiua sed quies ponti
Pictam phaselon adiuuante fert aura;
Sicut puellae non amantis aestatem,
Mota salubre purpura uenit frigus.”

[1501] IX. xii. 1-9:

“Nomen cum uiolis rosisque natum,
Quo pars optima nuncupatur anni ...
Respondent Veneres Cupidinesque.”

[1502] VII. lxxxix.:

“I felix rosa, mollibusque sertis
Nostri cinge comas Apollinaris:
Quas tu nectere candidas, sed olim,
Sic te semper amet Venus, memento.”

[1503] XI. lxxxix.

[1504] _Cf._ with I. x. 4 such endings as II. xi. 10: “domi cenat”; II. xxix. 10: “splenia tolle, leges.”

[1505] II. xxxviii.

[1506] II. x.

[1507] II. xiii.:

“Et iudex petit, et petit patronus:
Soluas, censeo, Sexte, creditori.”

[1508] VIII. xliii.

[1509] VII. lxxxiii.:

“Eutrapelus tonsor dum circuit ora Luperci
Expingitque genas, altera barba subit.”

[1510] V. xlvii.

[1511] I. xxviii.

[1512] I. xvi.; VII. lxxxi.

[1513] IX. _praef._, _ad fin._: “Ille ego sum....”

[1514] XI. xxiv.

[1515] I. xv. 5-12:

“Non bene distuleris, uideas quae posse negari,
Et solum hoc ducas, quod fuit, esse tuum.
Exspectant curaeque catenatique labores;
Gaudia non remanent, sed fugitiua uolant,
Haec utraque manu complexuque adsere toto:
Saepe fluunt imo sic quoque lapsa sinu.
Non est, crede mihi, sapientis dicere ‘Viuam’;
Sera nimis uita est crastina: uiue hodie.”

[1516] V. xx.

“Si tecum mihi, care Martialis,
Securis liceat frui diebus,
Si disponere tempus otiosum
Et uerae pariter uacare uitae,
Nec nos atria nec domos potentum
Nec litis tetricas forumque triste
Nossemus nec imagines superbas;
Sed gustatio, fabulae, libelli,
Campus, porticus, umbra, Virgo, thermae,
Haec essent loca semper, hi labores.
Nunc uiuit necuter sibi, bonosque
Soles effugere atque abire sentit,
Qui nobis pereunt et imputantur.
Quisquam, uiuere cum sciat, moratur?”

[1517] VII. v.

[1518] VIII. xxi. 11-12.

[1519] VIII. xxiv. 5-6.

[1520] III. lxviii. 4, “exuimur”; _cf._ 11-12.

[1521] V. ii.; VIII. i.

[1522] I. _praef._; III. lxix.

[1523] XI. ii.

[1524] I. iv. 8: “lasciua est nobis pagina, uita proba.”

[1525] Cat. xvi. 5; Ovid, _Tr._, ii. 354; Plin., _Ep._, VII. ix.; Apul., _Apol._, 11; Auson., _Eidyll._, 360.

[1526] _E.g._ VII. xiv.

[1527] VII. xii. 7. _Cf._ his desire to have it known that poems steeped in black poison are not his, VII. lxxii. 13-16.

[1528] V. xxiv. 9-10:

“Mollia non rigidus caespes tegat ossa nec illi,
Terra, grauis fueris: non fuit illa tibi.”

[1529] IX. xxix. 11-12:

“Sit tibi terra leuis mollique tegaris harena
Ne tua non possint eruere ossa canes.”

[1530] I. lxxxviii.

[1531] VI. lxxxv.

[1532] IX. lii.

[1533] I. xxxix.

[1534] XII. xxxiv.

[1535] Dr. Warde Fowler, _Presidential Address to Class. Assoc._, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1920, pointed out that, while volcanic soil influenced drainage schemes, it also set the Romans adventuring on the search for portents.

[1536] IV. xliv.:

“Licuisse” in the closing couplet,

“Cuncta iacent flammis et tristi mersa fauilla:
Nec superi uellent hoc licuisse sibi”

is surprisingly taken to refer to auction-bidding by Prof. Courthope, _Selectns. fr. Martial Translated_, 1914:

“Now for the place ’neath these sad ashes hid,
If up for sale, what single god would bid?”

[1537] IX. lxi. 11-14.

[1538] III. lxv. 3-5.

[1539] X. xxiii. 7-8:

“Ampliat aetatis spatium sibi uir bonus: hoc est
Viuere bis, uita posse priore frui.”

[1540] _Cf._ Mart., I. xx. 4; Juv., V. 147.

[1541] _Poemata_, Utr., 1784., p. 563.

[1542] Plin., _Ep._, II. vii. 1; III. 1. Four mutilated choriambic odes, ascribed by some to Spurinna, are convincingly rejected as forgeries: for text, Wernsdorf, _P.L.M._; Held, _Ueber d. Werth d. Briefsammlung des jüng. Plinius in Bezug auf Gesch. d. röm. Lit._, 1833.

[1543] _Sulpiciae Fabella_, ed. Unger, Hal. Sax., 1887.

[1544] Valla’s schol. on Juv., I. 20; Mart., XI. x.

[1545] Text: _Paneg._ in _Panegyrici Lat._, Cuspinianus, 1513; Rhenanus, Bas., 1520; Livineius, Antv., 1599; E. Bährens, Lpz., 1874; 2nd ed. W. A. Bährens, 1911; Sep. edns., Ed. pr. (?) 1476; Lipsius, Antv., 1600; Utr., 1652, etc.; Arntzen (not. var.), Amst., 1738; Gierig, Lpz., 1796; Dübner, Par., 1843. Trans.: Stapylton, Oxf., 1644; [White Kennet], Lond., 1686; G. Smith, Lond., 1702; in French, De Sacy, Par., 1722. _Epist._: Ed. pr., Ven., 1471 (8 bks., I.-VII. and IX.); 1st compl. ed. Aldus, Ven., 1508; Gruter, 1611; Veenhusen (not. var.), Leid., 1669; Cortius and Longolius (indices), Amst., 1734; E. T. Merrill, Lpz., 1922.

Sep. edns.: I., II., Cowan, Lond., 1889; III., J. E. B. Mayor, Lond., 1880, 1889; VI., J. D. Duff, Camb., 1906; X., E. G. Hardy, Lond., 1889.

Selectns.: Church and Brodribb, Lond., 1870, 1872; Prichard and Bernard, Oxf., 3rd ed., 1896; Merrill, Lond., 1903; Allen, Oxf., 1915.

Trans.: _Epistles_ (w. _Paneg._), Henley, Lond., 1724; _Letters_, Melmoth, Lond., 1746-47-48-57-70-86-1810; Earl of Orrery, Lond., 1751; Lewis, Lond., 1879; Melmoth’s revised, Bosanquet, Lond., 1878, 1892; and Hutchinson (Loeb ed.), Lond. and N. Yk., 1915.

Collected edns.: Boxhorn, Leid., 1653; Gierig, Leipz., 1806; Keil (ed. maior, rerum enarr. Mommseni, etc.), Lpz., 1870; C. F. W. Müller, _ib._, 1903; Kukula, _ib._, 1908, 1912.

Life and character: Tanzmann, _De C. Pl. Secundi uita ingenio moribus quaestio_, Bresl., 1865; Mommsen, _Zur Lebensgesch. d. jüng. Pl., Herm._, III. 31, 1869 (= _Gesam. Schr._, IV. 366, 1906); in French, trans. Morel, w. Mommsen’s addns., Par., 1873; Bender, _Der jüngere Pl. nach seinen Briefe_, Tüb., 1873; Moy, _Qualem apud aetatis suae studiosos personam egerit C. Pl. Sec._, Par., 1876.

Literary Significance: Held, _Ueb. d. Werth d. Briefsammlung d. jüng. Pl. in Bezug auf Geschichte d. röm. Lit._, Bresl., 1833; De la Berge, _Essai sur le regne de Trajan_, esp. ch. xvi., Par., 1877; _Allain, Pline le jeune et ses héritiers_, 4 vols., Par., 1901-1902. Style: Lagergren, _De uita et elocutione C. Pl. Sec._, Ups., 1872; Morillot, _De Pl. minoris eloquentia_, Gren., 1888; Consoli, _Il neologismo negli scritti di Pl._, Palermo, 1900; Kukula, _Briefe d. jüng. Pl._ (Intr. includes “Entwickelung d. Epistolographie,” “Sprache u. Stil des Briefes,” etc.), Lpz., 1904; Smiley, _Latinitas and_ Ἑλληνισμός (Influence of Stoic theory on writings of Quintilian, Pliny the Yr., Tacitus, etc.), Wisconsin, 1906.

[1546] “patria mea,” _Ep._, IV. xxx. 1.

[1547] VI. xx. 5.

[1548] VI. vi. 3; II. xiv. 9-10.

[1549] III. v. 16; VI. xvi. 7, xx. 5.

[1550] V. viii. 8.

[1551] VI. xii. 2: “in harena mea, hoc est apud centumuiros.”

[1552] _C.I.L._, V. 5262, 5263, 5264, 5667. V. 5279 records appointment of three trustees (one of them the younger Pliny) to administer a fund left by his father Cilo to provide oil at the Neptunalia for athletes and bathers at Como.

[1553] Merrill’s complete ed. of the _Epistulae_, 1922, gives a list of the principal _Abhandlungen_ on the subject by Stobbe, Gemoll, C. Peter, Asbach, Schultz and H. Peter. Schanz, _op. cit._, p. 360, gives a useful summary of their conclusions; and the reports on Plinian literature in Bursian’s _Jahresbericht_ reveal still more extensive activity. _Cf._ Merrill, _Sel. Lett._, 1903, pp. xxxvii. _sqq._

[1554] Prof. E. T. Merrill, whose authority on Plinian matters is deservedly great, undermines Mommsen’s position here: “On Date of Pliny’s Prefecture of Treasury of Saturn,” _Am. Jrl. Phil._, xxiii. 4.

[1555] W. A. Bährens, “Prätur des jüng. Pl.,” _Herm._, lviii. (1923), p. 109 _sqq._, agrees that Otto’s instructive paper on Pliny’s _Lebengeschichte_ in _Sitzungsber. d. Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss._, 1919, corrected several of Mommsen’s results, but rejects Otto’s date of A.D. 95: “Plinius war, wie schon Mommsen meinte, in Jahre 93 Praetor.” Otto replied in _Bayer. Sitz._, 1923. Allain, _Pline le jeune_, gives 94.

[1556] Kukula, ed. 1912, noticed J. Wight Duff, _C.R._, XXVIII. (1914), pp. 134-137; E. T. Merrill, 1922, noticed J. P. Postgate, _C.R._, XXXVII. (1923), pp. 35-36.

[1557] Prof. E. K. Rand, who with E. A. Lowe published the facsimile of the uncial remains of the _Letters_ now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, N. Yk. (Washington, 1922), has indicated a new method of approach through the Aldine edition, in the belief that these fragments form part of the lost Codex Parisinus which Aldus used for his ed. of 1508 (_Harv. Stud. in Cl. Phil._, XXXIV., 1923). Prof. Merrill has not accepted this identification or the 6th cent. date suggested for the uncials (_Class. Philol._, Chicago, April, 1923).

[1558] III. xi.; VII. xxvii. 14.

[1559] VI. xxxi.

[1560] E. G. Hardy, ed. of _Epist. ad Traian._, Introd., p. xxiv. _sqq._, and footnote to Lett., xv., pp. 105-106.

[1561] Such is Wilcken’s view, _Herm._, xlix. (1914), in opposition to Mommsen, who placed Pliny’s visit to the eastern parts of the province in the latter half of his first year. Wilcken thinks that in late autumn of 112 Pliny took ship to Sinope, and that after this he wrote from Amisus the famous letter touching the trial of Christians.

[1562] X. cxx. and cxxi.

[1563] IV. xix.; VI. iv., vii.; VII. v.

[1564] _C.I.L._, V. 5262 = Dessau, _Inscr. Lat. Sel._, I. 2927.

[1565] VII. iv. 2-3.

[1566] _Ib._, 4-6.

[1567] VII. ix. 10-14.

[1568] VII. iv. 10: “unum precor ut posteri quoque aut errent similiter aut iudicent.” His “libelli,” which were on sale at Lyon, may have contained poetry, IX. xi.

[1569] VII. xvii. 7.

[1570] _Ib._, 15. For Pliny’s public speaking see Cucheval, _Hist. de l’éloquence romaine_, etc., II., chaps. xxiii. and xxiv.

[1571] II. xix. 2: “neque me praeterit actiones quae recitantur impetum omnem ... perdere”; VII. xvii. 2.

[1572] IV. xxi. 3; IX. xiii.

[1573] VII. xxx. 5.

[1574] III. xiii.

[1575] III. xviii.

[1576] _Ib._, 10.

[1577] Allain, _Pline le jeune_, says Pliny is cited 293 times by De la Berge, and is “le véritable historien de Trajan.”

[1578] _Pan._, lxxxviii. 2: “Scis enim praecipuum esse indicium non magni principis magnos libertos.”

[1579] _Pan._, vii. 4: “dignus alter eligi, alter eligere”; x. 6: “(Nerua) tibi terras, te terris reliquit”; xvii. 4: “non ideo uicisse uidearis ut triumphares, sed triumphare quia uiceris.”

[1580] _Pan._, vii. 6: “imperaturus omnibus eligi debet ex omnibus”; lxvi. 5: “neque umquam deceptus est princeps nisi qui prius ipse decepit”; and paradoxes, xlix. 3: “hoc inexpugnabile munimentum munimento non egere.”

[1581] _Pan._, xxiv. 5: “te ad sidera tollit humus ista communis et confusa principis uestigia.” (_i.e._ the use of his feet on common earth exalts the emperor to the sky!)

[1582] H. Peter, _Der Brief in d. röm. Lit._, Lpz., 1901, p. 107 _sqq._, divides as follows: I.-III., published A.D. 104; IV.-VI., A.D. 108; VII.-IX., a supplement, containing at least some letters of a date earlier than 108.

[1583] I. i. 1: “Collegi non seruato temporis ordine, neque enim historiam componebam.” _E.g._ II. xx. is perhaps earliest of all. II. xi., on Priscus’s trial, belongs to A.D. 100, but III. iv. to 98. IX. xxxiv. mentions Pliny’s idea of employing a reader; in VIII. i. the idea has been acted on.

[1584] I. xi., xv.; V. ii.; VII. xxi; IX. xvi.

[1585] II. xx. 1: “assem para et accipe auream fabulam, fabulas immo.”

[1586] IX. ii. 2-3.

[1587] Schanz, _op. cit._, p. 364.

[1588] Mart., _Epig._, X. xx. 14-17, cited by Pliny, III. xxi. 5.

[1589] I. iii. 3: “Hoc sit negotium tuum, hoc otium....”

[1590] II. viii. 2: “Numquamne hos artissimos laqueos ... abrumpam?...”

[1591] VII. xv. 1: “Requiris quid agam. Quae nosti. Distringor officio, amicis deseruio, studeo interdum, quod non interdum sed solum semperque facere, non audeo dicere rectius, certe beatius erat.”

[1592] I. vi. 1: “Ridebis et licet rideas”; _cf._ IX. x.

[1593] IX. xxvii.; V. viii.

[1594] I. xiii. 5: “equidem prope nemini defui.”

[1595] II. iii. 9.

[1596] V. iii. 8; VII. xvii.

[1597] I. iii. 4: “effinge aliquid et excude quod sit perpetuo tuum”; V. x. (to Suetonius); VIII. iv.

[1598] IV. xx., xxvii.; V. v., xvii.; VII. xxviii.; IX. xxii.

[1599] IV. xxvii. 2.

[1600] V. v. 4: “immortale aliquid.”

[1601] VII. xxviii.

[1602] Moy, _op. cit._ (in bibliog.), p. 107: “illi prosunt saeculo suo qui, sicut Bolaeus noster, publicam quasi censuram agentes, parce laudant, uehementer reprehendunt.”

[1603] _E.g._ I. xii.; II. i. 10; III. xxi.; V. v. (“nuntius me graui dolore confudit”); V. xvi. (“tristissimus haec tibi scribo”); and, for slaves, VIII. xvi., xix.

[1604] II. xvii. 24.

[1605] V. xix. 7: “aera salubrem et lac eiusmodi curationibus accommodatissimum.”

[1606] VIII. xxii. 2-3: “ego optimum et emendatissimum existimo qui ceteris ita ignoscet, tamquam ipse cotidie peccet....”; IX. xvii. 4: “demus igitur alienis oblectationibus ueniam ut nostris impetremus.”

[1607] IV. xiv.; V. iii.; VII. iv.

[1608] VII. xxxiii.

[1609] VII. xx. 5-7.

[1610] IX. xxiii. 2-3.

[1611] VI. xxxiii. 1: “accipe orationem meam, ut illa arma, diuinam (num superbius potui?), reuera ut inter meas pulchram.” According to Sid. Apoll., viii. 10, it eclipsed the _Panegyric_.

[1612] IX. xxiii. 1-2: “... omnes repente quasi uicti coactique consurgerent laudarentque.”

[1613] VI. xi.

[1614] IX. viii. 1: “omnia scripta tua pulcherrima existimo, maxime tamen quae de nobis”; _cf._ IX. xxxi.

[1615] I. x. 3; IV. viii. 4-5; VIII. vii. 2: “ne discipulus quidem debeam dici.”

[1616] I. viii. 14.

[1617] IV. i. 4-6; IX. xxxix.; X. xlix. and lxviii.

[1618] X. xcvi. 7-8.

[1619] _Pan._, i. 1 and 3; _Ep._, X. i., ii., xiii., xiv., xxxv., lii.

[1620] VII. xxvi. 2: “tunc deos, tunc hominem esse se meminit.”

[1621] _Pan._, iii. 5; Pers., ii. 73-75.

[1622] III. xx. 12.

[1623] _Pan._, lxvi. 4.

[1624] IV. xxv. 5: ἀλλὰ ταῦτα τῷ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς μελήσει.

[1625] Hofacker, _De Clausulis C. Caec. Pl. Sec._, Bonn, 1903; Spatzek, _De Claus. Plinianis_, in _praef._ to Kukula’s ed., 1912.

[1626] I. v. 12.

[1627] I. v. 13.

[1628] II. i. 12: “Verginium cogito, Verginium uideo, Verginium iam uanis imaginibus ... audio, adloquor, teneo.”

[1629] VIII. xxiv. 2-6.

[1630] II. iii. 5: “nos qui in foro uerisque litibus terimur, multum malitiae, quamuis nolimus, addiscimus.”

[1631] I. xx.

[1632] VIII. xxi. 1: “pulcherrimum et humanissimum existimo seueritatem comitatemque miscere.”

[1633] Lagergren, _De uita et elocutione C. Pl._, Ups., 1872, enters more exhaustively into Pliny’s style than Oestling or Holstein did in their _opuscula_.

[1634] For collected examples, Remy, _De Subjunct. et Infinitiuo ap. Pl. minorem_, Louv., 1884.

[1635] _Apol._, ii.

[1636] _Saturn._, V. i.

[1637] Sid. Ap., iv. 22: “ego Plinio ut discipulus adsurgo”; _cf._ i. 1, iv. 3, viii. 10.

[1638] Merrill, ed. 1922, _praef._, half allows the possibility (“nisi fortasse”) that Einhart’s “mortalitatem magis quam uitam uidebam esse finitam” is based on Plin., II. i. 10, as Manitius thinks, _Gesch. d. lat. Lit. des Mittelalters_, 1911, p. 644.

[1639] IV. iii. 3-4.

[1640] I. vii., esp. § 5; II. x.

[1641] I. iii.; II. viii.; III. vii.; VI. xxi.; VIII. iv.

[1642] V. xvii.

[1643] I. viii.; I. xvi.

[1644] I. xvi. 6: “Plautum uel Terentium metro solutum legi credidi.”

[1645] II. xiii. 7: “epistulas quidem scribit ut Musas ipsas Latine loqui credas.”

[1646] IV. xxvii.: “unus Plinius est mihi priores.” Kukula had no right to alter the traditional reading to “his mihi prior sit” in his edition.

[1647] VI. xv.; IX. xxii.

[1648] VI. xv. 2.

[1649] VI. xxi.

[1650] III. xv.

[1651] V. v.

[1652] VIII. xii. 4; I. xvii. 3: “clarissimi cuiusque uitam egregiis carminibus exornat.”

[1653] VIII. xii. 1.

[1654] IX. i.

[1655] IX. xxxi.

[1656] IX. xxxv.

[1657] V. xxi. 3-6.

[1658] Teuffel, _op. cit._, § 341, 4.

[1659] Text: ed. pr. (without _Ann._, I.-VI. and _Agric._), de Spira, Ven., 1470; do. w. _Agric._, Puteolanus, Mil., 1476; Op. omn., Beroaldus, Rom., 1515; Beatus Rhenanus, Bas., 1533; Lipsius, Antw., 1574, etc.; J. F. Gronov, Amst., 1672, 1685; Jac. Gronov, Utr. (not. varior.), 1721; Ernesti, Leipz., 1752; Brotier, ed. 2, Par., 1776, Lond., 1812; Ritter, Bonn, 1834, Camb., 1848; Orelli, Zür., 1846, 1848 (re-ed. _Ann._, Baiter, Zür., 1859; _Germ._, Schweizer-Sidler, Berl., 1877; _Dial._, _Agr._, Andresen, Berl., 1877, 1880; _Hist._, Meiser, Berl., 1895); Haase, Leipz., 1855; Halm, Lpz., ed. 4, 1884-1889; Nipperdey, Berl., 1871-1876; ed. 10, 1904-1908; Fisher, Oxf., 1906-1911.

Selected sep. edns.: I., _Dial._, Benzelius, Ups., 1706; Michaelis, Leipz., 1868; Peter, Jena, 1877; Valmaggi, Torino, 1890; Peterson (introd., etc.), Oxf., 1893; Bennett, Boston, 1894; Gudeman, Bost. (proleg., Eng. notes), 1894; Germ. ed., Leipz., 1914; John, Berl., 1899; Wick, Torino, 1917.

II., _Agric._, Bosius, Jena, 1664; Wex, Brunsw., 1852; Kritz, Berl., ed. 3, 1874; Urlichs, Würzb., 1875; Gantrelle, Par., 1875; Peter, Jena, 1876; Church and Brodribb, Lond., 1869; ed. 2, 1881 (w. _Germ._); Cornelissen, Leid., 1881; Davis, Lond., 1892; Stephenson, 1894, 1899, Camb. (w. _Germ._); Furneaux, Oxf., 1898; revised, J. G. C. Anderson, Oxf., 1922; Annibaldi, Torino, 1917.

III., _Germ._, Fabricius, Augsb., 1580; Kritz, ed. 4 by Hirschfelder, Berl., 1878; Prammer, Vienna, 1878, 1889; Baumstark (comm.), Lpz., 1875-1880; Allen, Bost., 1885; Zernial, Berl., 1890, 1897; Furneaux, Oxf., 1894; Annibaldi, Torino, 1916; Schweizer-Sidler, ed. 8, Halle, 1923; Schmaus, Bamberg, 1924.

IV., _Hist._, Kiessling, Lpz., 1840; Heraeus, Lpz., ed. 4, 1885; Simcox, Lond., I., II., 1875; III.-V., 1876; Godley, Lond., I, II., 1887; III.-V., 1890; Spooner, Lond., 1891; Fisher, Oxf., 1910.

V., _Ann._, Ruperti, Gött., 1805; Kiessling, Lpz., 1829; Nipperdey (_vide supra_); Holbrooke, Lond., 1882; Furneaux, Oxf., 1891-1896; Fisher, Oxf., 1906; Goelzer (Budé), Par., 1923 _sqq._ (Facsimile: Codex Laurent. 68, I. and II., Rostagno, Leyd., 1902.)

Trans.: Wks. (w. Discourses): Gordon, 2 vols., fol., Lond., 1728-1731 (pedantic); (w. Essays), Murphy, Lond., 1793; 1830 (diffuse). Church and Brodribb, Lond., _Agric._, _Germ._, _Dial._, 1877; _Hist._, new ed., 1882; _Ann._, 1882; Townsend, _Agric._, _Germ._, Lond., 1894; G. G. Ramsay, Lond., _Ann._, 1904-1909; _Hist._, 1915; _Hist._, Fyfe, Oxf., 1912; _Agric._, _Germ._, Hutton, w. _Dial._, Peterson (Loeb), Lond., 1914; _Hist._, Moore (Loeb), 1925.

General Wks.: Bötticher, Proleg. to _Lexicon Taciteum_, Berl., 1830, and _De uita scriptis ac stilo Taciti_, Berl., 1834; Dubois-Guchan, _Tacite et son siècle ou la société romaine impériale_, etc., 2 vols., Par., 1861; Urlichs, _De uita et honoribus Taciti_, Würzb., 1879; Schiller, _Gesch. d. röm. Kaiserz._, Gotha, 1883; Asbach, _Röm. Kaisert. u. Verfass. bis auf Traian_ (a hist. introd. to Tacitus); Peter, _Die geschichtl. Litt. üb. d. röm. Kaiserzeit_; Boissier, _Tacite_, Par., 1903; ed. 3, 1908; Eng. tr., Lond., 1906; Schwabe, _Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencycl._, IV., 1566.

Special Wks.: in notes _infra_.

[1660] Other writers call him “Tacitus” or “Cornelius Tacitus”; _e.g._ Plin., _Epist._, IX. xxiii. 2. _Codex Med._, I, gives his praenomen as “Publius”: Sidonius Apollinaris twice calls him “Gaius” (_Epist._, IV. xiv. 1, xxii. 2), with which the later MSS. agree.

[1661] Novák once more claimed it for Quintilian in his ed. of _opera minora_, Prag., 1889.

[1662] Plin., _Ep._, VII. xx. 3.

[1663] _N.H._, VII. 76.

[1664] _Hist._, I. i.: “dignitatem nostram a Vespasiano incohatam, a Tito auctam, a Domitiano longius prouectam non abnuerim.”

[1665] _Ann._, XI. xi.

[1666] _Agr._, ix.: “consul egregiae tum spei filiam iuueni mihi despondit....”

[1667] _Dial._, ii.

[1668] This date for his consulship is now usually accepted instead of A.D. 98.

[1669] Plin., _Ep._, II. i. 6: “laudator eloquentissimus”; II. xi. 17: “respondit Cornelius Tacitus eloquentissime et, quod eximium orationi eius inest, σεμνῶς.”

[1670] _Agr._, xlv.: “nobis tam longae absentiae condicione ante quadriennium amissus est.”

[1671] _Agr._, xlv.: “mox nostrae duxere Heluidium in carcerem manus ... nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit.”

[1672] _Agr._, iii.: “nunc demum redit animus; et quamquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi ortu Nerua Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac libertatem, augeatque cotidie felicitatem temporum Nerua Traianus....”

[1673] _Agr._, ii. 3: “dedimus profecto grande patientiae documentum ... memoriam quoque ipsam cum uoce perdidissemus, si tam in nostra potestate esset obliuisci quam tacere”; iii. 3: “quid? si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aeui spatium ... pauci ... nostri superstites ... iuuenes ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per silentium uenimus.”

[1674] _Hist._, I. i.: “quod si uita suppeditet, principatum diui Neruae et imperium Traiani ... senectuti seposui”; _Ann._, III. xxiv.: “cetera illius aetatis (_sc._ Augusti) memorabo, si, effectis in quae tetendi, plures ad curas uitam produxero.”

[1675] Sabbadini in 1901 intimated Decembrio’s note to that effect. Romance seemed to have entered into palaeography when the announcement was made in 1903 of the discovery at Iesi, near Ancona, of a 15th-century MS. in which is incorporated, it is claimed, one quaternion of the _Agricola_ from the veritable parent codex.

[1676] Schanz, _Gesch. d. röm. Litt._, II., p. 293: “wir gewinnen den Eindruck, als wollte der Verfasser des Dialogs einem Gegenstand alter Liebe das letzte Lebenwohl zurufen,” u.s.w.

[1677] _Agr._, iii. 4: “hic interim liber, honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus, professione pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus.”

[1678] It is not impossible that in Pliny, _Ep._, IX. x. 2, addressed to Tacitus (though some think written by Tacitus), there is a direct reference to this.

[1679] _Dial._, xxxviii. 4: “principis disciplina ipsam quoque eloquentiam sicut omnia depacauerat.”

[1680] They are adequately and convincingly treated by Gudeman in 138 pages of prolegomena (ed. 1914). From his exhaustive bibliography may be selected: Weinkauff, _De Tac. dialogi ... auctore_, Köln, 1859, and _Untersuchungen u.s.w._, 1881; Steiner, _Ueber den Dial. de Or._, Progr., Kreuznach, 1863; Jansen, _De Tac. dial. auctore_, Gron., 1878; Resl, _Utrum dial. ... Tacito adscribi possit_, etc., Czernowitz, 1881; Nolte, _De ... dial. de or._, Gleiwitz, 1903.

[1681] _Dial._, xvii. 3. The figures given there of succeeding reigns as amounting to the sum of 120 years from Cicero’s death in 43 B.C. to the time of the dialogue need slight adjustment, because that total would bring out the date at A.D. 77.

[1682] Schanz, _op. cit._, II., pp. 293-296. Gudeman (_op. cit._, proleg.) successfully controverts Leo’s hypothesis of a date after _Agric._ and _Germ._, and refutes the support lent to that hypothesis in the theory of style propounded by Norden and Wilamowitz. Vogt’s pamphlet, _Tac. als Politiker_, Stuttg., 1924, ends with a brief defence of the early date.

[1683] Ed., 1914, pp. 92-96.

[1684] A comparison of the references to the emperors in chaps. iii. and xliv. indicates that the _Agricola_ was published soon after Trajan’s accession in A.D. 98. He is called _princeps_ in xliv. From the introduction it is plain that the _Agricola_ preceded the _Germania_.

[1685] _Agr._, iii., _ad fin._

[1686] xlv. 3–xlvi.

[1687] Most editions handle the questions involved; _e.g._ Furneaux, 1898; Gudeman, 1902; Anderson, 1922. _Cf._ Hirzel, _Ueb. d. Tendenz des Agr._, Tüb., 1871; Andresen, “Entstehung u. Tendenz des Tac. _Agr._” in _Festschr. d. Gymn. z. grau. Kloster_, Berl., 1874; Leo., _Die griech. röm. Biographie_, Lpz., 1901.

[1688] Germ. ed., Berl., 1902; similarly, Hendrickson, “Proconsulate of Agric. in relation to hist. and encomium” in Univ. publns., Chicago, 1902.

[1689] Among those who see a political aim in the _Agric._ are Hoffmann, _Zeitschr. f. d. österr. Gymn._, 1870; Gantrelle, _Rev. de l’instr. belg._, xxi., p. 217; Furneaux, _Agr._, Intr., pp. 7-15; Boissier, _Tacite_, 1903, pp. 161-166; _cf._ _L’Opposition sous les Césars_, pp. 317 _sqq._ On the other side, Hirzel, _op. cit._; Anderson, _Agr._, Introd., and others.

[1690] _Agr._, xlv.: “nostrae duxere Heluidium in carcerem manus,” etc.

[1691] Pliny, addressing Trajan, _Pan._, xliv. 1, said, “Vixisti nobiscum, periclitatus es, timuisti, quae tum erat innocentium uita.”

[1692] _Germ._, xxxvii.

[1693] _Ib._, xxiii.: “potui humor ex hordeo ...”; xxii.: “crebrae ut inter uinolentos rixae,” etc.

[1694] Weinberger, _Die Frage nach Entstehung u. Tendenz der tacit. Ger._, progr., Olmütz, 1890 (convenient summary); Müllenhoff, _Deutsche Altertumskunde_, IV.

[1695] For historical background, see Henderson, _Civil War and Rebellion in Rom. Emp._, Lond., 1908; for literary aspects, Courbaud, _Les procédés d’art de T. dans les Hist._, Par., 1918.

[1696] Plin., _Ep._, VII. xxxiii.: “auguror ... historias tuas immortales futuras”; Tert., _Apol._, 16: “Cornelius Tacitus ... in quinta historiarum suarum.”

[1697] Hieron., _comm. Zach._, III. 14.

[1698] Ritter, ed. Camb., I, p. xxii.; _cf._ Goelzer, ed., Par., 1923.

[1699] _Ann._, XI. xi.

[1700] Schanz, _op. cit._, II. 311. Pliny, _Ep._, VI. xvi. 1, shows that shortly before 106 Tacitus had not completed his collection of material for the year 79.

[1701] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ed. Bury, 1896, ch. ix., p. 232 _n._

[1702] Morr, “Die Landeskunde von Palästina bei Strabon u. Josephos,” _Philol._, lxxxi. 3 (1926), considers Posidonius a source for Strabo and Josephus as well as for Tacitus’s _Hist._ and Justinus.

[1703] _Ann._, III. lxv.; IV. xxxii.; XIII. xxxi.

[1704] _Ann._, IV. lxxi.: “ni mihi destinatum foret suum quaeque in annum referre, auebat animus antire....” On the annalistic principle he defers treating certain events: “in tempore memorabo,” I. lviii.; “in loco reddemus,” II. iv.

[1705] VI. xxxviii.: “duabus aestatibus gesta coniunxi”; XII. xl.: “plures per annos gesta.”

[1706] _Ann._, II. lxi ... “Romani imperii quod nunc ad mare rubrum patescit”; Spart., _Hadr._, v. 1-4.

[1707] _Ann._, VI. xxvii. He applies the term _libri_ to his previous _Histories_ in _Ann._, XI, xi.

[1708] _Cf._ _Ann._, XV. lxiv.; XVI. xxxv.

[1709] _Hist._, III. xxv., xxviii., li.

[1710] Schur has recently in _Klio_, xix. (“Untersuchungen zur Gesch. d. Kriege Corbulos”) argued that Tacitus used Corbulos’s military reports, while Cluvius was the main authority for A.D. 60-63.

[1711] _Ann._, I. lxix., lxxxi.; III. iii.; IV. liii.; VI. vi.; XIII. xx.; XIV. ii.; XV. xvi., liii., lxi., lxxiv. (_cf._ II. lxxxviii.).

[1712] _Hist._, II. xxxvii.; III. li.; _Ann._, I. xxix.

[1713] _Ann._, V. iv. 4.

[1714] _E.g._ _Hist._, IV. xxxix. _sqq._, where _decretae_, _censuit_, etc., are official echoes.

[1715] _Ann._, XIII. xxxi. 1.

[1716] For a sketch of the problem, Schanz, _op. cit._; _cf._ R. Weidemann, _Die Quellen d. ersten sechs Bücher v. Tac. Ann._, Cleve, 1868 (emphasising _Senatus acta_), H. Nissen, _Rh. M._, xxvi. (1871), pp. 497 _sqq._ (“Einquellenprinzip”); Fabia, _Les sources de T. dans les hist. et les ann._, Par., 1893; Groag, _Zur Kritik von T. Quellen in d. Hist._ (Fleck. Jahrb. Suppl., 23 (1897), p. 711). The discussion is endless; see Marx in _Herm._, lx. 74 _sqq._

[1717] The resemblances are arrayed by E. G. Hardy, Plut., _Galba and Otho_ (Introd.), Lond., 1890.

[1718] The view that Plutarch used Tac. is supported by Clason, _Plut. u. Tac._, Berl., 1870; Nipperdey, ed. _Ann._, 1874; Lange, _De Tacito Plutarchi auctore_, Halle, 1880, and others. Most, however, guess at a common source, either the (inadequate) _acta diurna_ (Hirzel), or Cluvius (H. Peter and Mommsen), or the elder Pliny (Nissen, Hardy, Fabia). Th. Wiedemann, in a Latin diss. of 1857, conjectured that Tac. used Pliny, and Plutarch both Pliny and Cluvius. Borenius (diss. Helsings., 1902) argued that Plutarch used both Tacitus and the common source. For other variations, see Schanz, _op. cit._

[1719] _Hist._, I. x.: “occulta fati”; xviii.: “quae fato manent”; _Ann._, V. iv.: “fatali quodam motu ... seu praua sollertia”; _Ann._, I. lv.: “Varus fato et ui Arminii cecidit.” Contrast _Ann._, III. xviii.: “ludibria rerum mortalium”; IV. xx.: “dubitare cogor fato et sorte nascendi ... an sit aliquid in nostris consiliis.”

[1720] Pöhlmann, _Die Weltanschauung des T._, ed. 2, Münch., 1913, calls his views “ein Chaos von unabgeklärten u. unausgereiften Meinungen.” Fabia’s notice of Pöhlmann appeared in _Jrnl. des Savants_, 1914, pp. 250 _sqq._, in art. entitled “L’irréligion de Tacite.”

[1721] _Hist._, IV. xxvi.: “quod in pace fors seu natura, tunc fatum et ira diuom uocabatur”; _Ann._, IV. i.: “non tam sollertia ... quam, deum ira....”; XVI. xvi.: “ira illa numinum in res Romanas”; _Hist._, I. iii.: “adprobatum est non esse curae deis securitatem nostram, esse ultionem.”

[1722] _Ann._, XIV. v. i.

[1723] _Hist._, I. iv. ... “non modo casus euentusque rerum ... sed ratio etiam causaeque.”

[1724] _Ann._, XIII. xxxi.: “cum ex dignitate populi Romani repertum sit res inlustres annalibus, talia diurnis urbis actis mandare.”

[1725] _Hist._, I. i.: “omnem potentiam ad unum conferri pacis interfuit.”

[1726] _Ann._, VI. xiii.: “populi imperium iuxta libertatem....”

[1727] _Hist._, II. xxxvii.-xxxviii.

[1728] _Hist._, IV. viii.

[1729] _Ann._, IV. xxxiii.

[1730] _Ib._, “plures aliorum euentis docentur: ceterum ut profutura, ita minimum oblectationis adferunt.”

[1731] _Ann._, I. i. ... “sine ira et studio, quorum causas procul habeo.”

[1732] The question of Tiberius’s character is older than the histories of Ihne and Duruy, and goes back to the 17th cent., when a justification of Tiberius was attempted by De la Houssaye, _Tibère_, Amst., 1686. For some modern views, see Stahr, _Tiberius_, Berl., 1863; Freytag, _Tib. und Tac._, Berl., 1870 (indicates inconsistencies in Tac.); Beesly, _Catiline, Clodius and Tib._, Lond., 1878 (a rehabilitation); Furneaux, ed. _Ann._, I.-VI., 1884, on “Char. and Govt. of Tib.” (moderate view); Gentile, _Il imp. Tiberio secondo la moderna critica storica_, Mil., 1887 (summarizes points at issue); Faust, _De Vellei Pat. fide, Giessen_, 1891; Tarver, _Tib. the Tyrant_, Westm., 1902 (a defence of Tib.); Jerome, _Roman Memories_, Lond., 1914, pp. 220-248 (refutation of “Orgy in Capri”); J. S. Reid, “Tac. as a Historian,” _J.R.S._, XI. 2, 1921 (protest against too high an estimate). Bacha, _Le génie de T., la création des annales_, Par., 1906, takes the extreme line that the work is a mendacious and poetic romance.

[1733] Voltaire’s article, “Pyrrhonisme” in his _Dictionnaire Historique_, stated doubts regarding Suetonius’s account of the foulnesses alleged to have disgraced the old age of Tiberius.

[1734] Language and style: Bötticher, _Lexicon Taciteum_, Berl., 1830; Dräger, _Üb. Syntax u. Stil des T._, Lpg., ed. 2, 1874; ed. 3, 1882; Wölfflin, _Philol._, xxiv.-xxvii. (on evolution of T.’s style); Furneaux, _Ann._, Intr., ch. v.; _Clemm_, _De Breuiloq. T._, Lpg., 1881; Valmaggi, _L’arcaismo in T._, Tur., 1891; Vianey, _Quomodo dici possit T. fuisse summum pingendi artificem_, Par., 1896; G. G. Ramsay, _Ann._, trans., Intr., Lond., 1904; Lundström, _Tacitus’s poetiska källor_, Göteborg, 1923.

[1735] _E.g._ of the type met with in later bks. of _Annals_, such as XV. v.: “Vologesi uetus et penitus infixum erat arma Romana uitandi.”

[1736] See Dräger, _op. cit._

[1737] _Germ._, xlvi.: “uictui herba, uestitui pelles, cubile humus”; _Hist._, I. liii.: “corpore ingens, animi immodicus”; _Ann._, III. lxv.: “insignes per honestum aut notabili dedecore”; XII. xxix.: “subsidio uictis et terrorem aduersus uictores.”

[1738] Cicero never uses _claritudo_; Sallust uses _claritudo_, not _claritas_; in Tacitus _claritudo_ is frequent, _claritas_ rare.

[1739] Brugmann, _Indogerm. Forsch._, V., p. 100; Schmalz, _Latein. Gramm._, ed. 3 p. 474.

[1740] _Cf._ _Agr._, xxii.: “intrepida hiems”; _Germ._, xxvii.: “sepulcrum caespes erigit”; _Ann._, I. lxxiv.: “uestigia morientis libertatis.”

[1741] _Dial._, xx. 6.

[1742] In reviewing De Groot’s _Antike Prosarbythmus_, _J.R.S._, XI. (1921), pp. 116-117, I pointed out that the identity of the possibly un-Tacitean title _Annales_ with that of Ennius’s poem makes a shaky foundation for the guess that Tacitus is citing Ennius, and a shakier one for the dogmatic statement (_op. cit._, p. 27), “die Annalen fängt er aber so gar mit einem ganzen Hexameter des Ennius an.”

[1743] Ramorino, _Cornelio Tacito nella storia della coltura_, Mil., 1898; “T. during late Roman period,” J.R.S., VI. (1916), pp. 196 _sqq._

[1744] Vopisc., _Tac._, x.

[1745] Cassiod., _Var._, v. 2: “quodam (_quondam_, Müllenhoff) Cornelio scribente.”

[1746] Text: Ed. pr. (Ven.), 1470; Calderinus, Ven., 1475; G. Valla, Ven., 1486; comment. Mancinelli, Lyon, 1498; Britannicus, Bresc., 1501; Pulmannus, Antw., 1565; in usum Delphini, Par., 1684; Pithoeus, Par., 1585; Rigaltius, Par., 1613; Henninius, Utr., 1685, and Glasg., 1750; c. comm. eruditorum (with the Casaubons’ Persius), Leid., 1695; Ruperti, Lpz., 1801, 1819; Heinrich, Bonn, 1839; Stocker (w. Pers.), ed. 3, Lond., 1845; Jahn, Berl., 1851 (w. Pers. and Sulpicia, 1858; ed. 2 and 3 by Bücheler, 1886 and 1893; ed. 4, Leo, 1910); Hermann, Lpz., 1854, 1873, 1897 (w. Sulp.); Ribbeck, Lpz., 1859; Simcox (XIII. Sats.), ed. 2, Lond., 1873; Lewis (w. Eng. tr.), ed. 2, Lond., 1882; J. E. B. Mayor (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1853, 1869, 1880-1881; E. G. Hardy (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1883; ed. 2, 1891; Pearson and Strong, Oxf., 1887; Friedländer, 2 vols., Lpz., 1895; J. D. Duff (without II. and IX.), Camb., 1898, 1900, 1914; Housman, Lond., 1905, and in _C. P. Lat._, Lond., 1905; Owen (w. Pers.), ed. 2, Oxf., 1907.

Winstedt, _Ad Sat. VI. in cod. Bodl. additi versus xxxvi._ (facs.), Oxf., 1899; Ellis, _The new fragments of J._, Lond. and Oxf., 1901; Cope, _On a recently discovered fragmt. of J._, Oxf., 1905.

Trans.: In verse, Stapylton, Lond., 1647; Dryden and others (w. Pers.), Lond., 1693; Gifford, Lond., 1802, 1805; In prose, Strong and Leeper (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1882; Owen, Lond., 1903; G. G. Ramsay (w. Pers., Loeb ed.), Lond., 1918.

Life: See various edns. and Friedländer, _De Juv. uitae temporibus_, Köningsb., 1875, and _Sittensgesch. Roms_; Strack, _De Juv. exilio_, Laub., 1880; Naguiewski, _De Juv. uita observ._, Riga, 1883; Hild, _Juvénal, notes biog._, Par., 1884; Dürr, _Das Leben Juv._, Ulm, 1888; Dompierre de Chaufepié, _De titulo I.R.N._ 4312 _ad Juv. poetam perperam relato_, Hag., 1889; Nettleship, “Life and Poems of J.,” in _Lects. and Essays_, ser. 2, Oxf., 1895; Merchant, “The parentage of Juv.,” _A.J.P._, 22 (1901).

On Satires: Ribbeck, _Der echte u. d. unechte Juv._, Berl., 1865; Martha, _Les moralistes sous l’emp. rom._, Par., 1866; ed. 8, 1907; Widal, _Juv. et ses satires_, Par., 1869; Tyrrell, _Lat. Poetry_, N. Yk., 1895; Plessis, _La poésie lat._, Par., 1909.

Style: Wilcke, _Disp. quid elocutio Juvenalis a Persiana differat_, Stendal, 1869; Schwartz, _De J. Horatii imitatore_, Halle, 1882; Gehlen, _De J. Vergili imitatore_, Gött., 1886; Eskuche, _Juvenals Versbau_, offprint fr. Friedländer’s ed., Lpz., 1895 (contention that J. is designedly careless in metre was opposed by L. Müller, _Berl. phil. Wochenschr._, 1896); Wilson, _Lity. influence of Martial upon J._, in _A.J.P._, 19 (1898).

[1747] Ioannes Malalas, _Chron._, X., p. 341, Chilm., says Juvenal was banished to Pentapolis in Libya for attacking Domitian’s favourite Paris. Suidas has an entry regarding Ἰουβενάλιος to like effect. Juvenal is coupled with Marius Maximus in Amm. Marcell., XXVIII. iv. 14, and with Turnus in Rut. Namat., _Itin._, I. 604, and in Ioannes Lydus, _De Mag._, l. 41.

[1748] IX. 269.

[1749] Published probably before A.D. 114. Juvenal was alive after A.D. 127.

[1750] VII. 90-92.

[1751] _E.g._ on the dole, I. 95 _sqq._; lackeys, III. 188-189; poverty, III. 152-153, 163-165.

[1752] I. 24-30; III. 58-125; X. 226.

[1753] “Quantum ipse notaui,” XV. 45, is not absolutely convincing proof of his having been in Egypt. His topographical mistake about the two villages Ombi and Tentyra does not add to one’s confidence.

[1754] _E.g._ _cf._ I. 15-17 with 25.

[1755] III. 318-321.

[1756] _C.I.L._, X. 5382 = Dessau, _Inscr. Lat. Sel._, I. 2926.

[1757] II. 159-161; IV. 126, 141; X. 14; XIV. 196; XV. 111-112, 124.

[1758] Mart., VII. xxiv. and xci.; XII. xviii.

[1759] Juv., VII. 124-125, “et melius nos egimus.” See Merchant, _A.J.P._, 22 (1901), PP. 51 _sqq._

[1760] Mart., X. xx. 3; Juv., VIII. 48; _cf._ VII. 145.

[1761] Nettleship, _Lects. and Essays_, II., pp. 124-131; Pearson and Strong’s ed., pp. 41-43.

[1762] Leo, “Doppelfassungen bei Juv.,” _Herm._, xliv. 4, argued for two complete editions, one published by the poet himself, the second (containing alterations) after his death; and attempted to reconstruct double versions in Juvenal (_cf._ the Bodleian fragment). If copies of both editions were known to commentators for centuries, then the posthumous text might in places be interpolated from the earlier.

[1763] II. 29-33; IV. 37, 73, 84-88.

[1764] IV. 153.

[1765] I. 49-50.

[1766] VI. 407, 411.

[1767] _Jrnl. of Phil._, XVI., pp. 55 _sqq._

[1768] VIII. 120: “nuper Marius discinxerit Afros.”

[1769] XIII. 17; XV. 27: “nuper consule Iunco.”

[1770] XI. 203.

[1771] I. 15-17.

[1772] XIII. 121-123.

[1773] XIII. 19-22:

“Magna quidem, sacris quae dat praecepta libellis,
Victrix Fortunae Sapientia: ducimus autem
Hos quoque felices, qui ferre incommoda uitae,
Nec iactare iugum, uita didicere magistra.”

[1774] XI. 65, 190.

[1775] This piece, 34 lines long, was discovered in 1899 by Mr. Winstedt. The sceptical attacks of a few Continental critics have only served to establish its authenticity; but Dralle, in a Marburg dissertation, 1922, renews the ineffectual attempt.

[1776] I. 85-86:

“Quidquid agunt homines, uotum, timor, ira, uoluptas,
Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli.”

[1777] VI. 433:

“Illa tamen grauior, quae cum discumbere coepit,
Laudat Vergilium, periturae ignoscit Elissae.”

[1778] VI. 438-440.

[1779] VI. 440-442:

“Verborum tanta cadit uis,
Tot pariter pelues et tintinnabula dicas
Pulsari.”

[1780] VI. 634 _sqq._: “Fingimus haec....”

[1781] IX. 125-129:

“Nunc mihi quid suades post damnum temporis et spes
Deceptas? festinat enim decurrere, uelox
Flosculus, angustae miseraeque breuissima uitae
Portio; dum bibimus, dum serta unguenta puellas
Poscimus, obrepit non intellecta senectus.”

[1782] III. 152-153.

[1783] III. 254-267.

[1784] VII. 207-210:

“Di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram
Spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum uer,
Qui praeceptorem sancti uoluere parentis
Esse loco.”

[1785] VIII. 19-20.

[1786] VIII. 24-28: “... Agnosco procerem....”

[1787] VIII. 83-84:

“Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori
Et propter uitam uiuendi perdere causas.”

[1788] X. 21: “et motae ad lunam trepidabis arundinis umbram.”

[1789] X. 56-89.

[1790] X. 166-167.

[1791] X. 346-366.

[1792] XI. 203:

“Nostra bibat uernum contracta cuticula solem
Effugiatque togam.”

[1793] XII. 128-130.

[1794] XIII. 189-192:

“quippe minuti
Semper et infirmi est animi exiguique uoluptas
Vitio. Continuo sic collige, quod uindicta
Nemo magis gaudet quam femina.”

[1795] XIV. 321: “Nunquam aliud Natura, aliud Sapientia dicit.”

[1796] XV. 131-133: “Mollissima corda”; _cf._ 142 _sqq._: “Separat hoc nos a grege mutorum.”

[1797] Hor., _Sat._, I. iv. 33-38, 78-85, 100-106, 129-139.

[1798] XIII. 20-22.

[1799] I. 120-126: “... ‘Profer, Galla, caput!’—‘noli uexare: quiescet.’”

[1800] IV. 117-118.