Chapter I: Front Matter

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

* Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_, and small caps
are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.

* Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected.

* Original spelling was kept, but variant spellings were made
consistent when a predominant usage was found.

* To aid referencing places and names in present-day maps and
documents, outdated and current spellings of some proper names
follow:

Albaracin, now Albarracín,
Albuquerque, now Alburquerque,
Alemtejo, now Alentejo,
Algesiras, now Algeciras,
Almanza, now Almansa,
Arzobispo, now El Puente del Arzobispo,
Baccelar (Manuel), now Manuel Pinto de Morais Bacelar,
Ballasteros, now Ballesteros,
Barba del Puerco, now Puerto Seguro,
Baylen, now Bailén,
Bussaco, now Buçaco,
Caamano, now Caamaño,
Caçeres, now Cáceres,
Canonge, now La Canonja,
Çaragoça, now Zaragoza,
Cattlar, now El Catllar,
Cordova, now Córdoba,
Corunna, now La Coruña,
Douro, now Duero (in Spain),
Douro (in Portugal),
Estremadura, now Extremadura (in Spain),
Estremadura (in Portugal),
Estremos, now Estremoz,
Golegão, now Golegã,
La Baneza, now La Bañeza
La Bispal, now La Bisbal,
Lousão, now Lousã,
Majorca, now Mallorca,
Momblanch, now Montblanch,
Niza, now Nisa,
Ona (river), now Güeña (río),
Oña (river), now Oñar (río),
Ouguella, now Ouguela,
Pampeluna, now Pamplona,
Peñacova, now Penacova,
Peniscola, now Peñíscola,
Ripol, now Ripoll,
São João de Ribiera, now São João da Ribeira,
Saragossa, now Zaragoza,
Senabria, now Sanabria,
Sta Olalla, now Santa Olalla,
Tagus (river), now Tajo (Spanish), Tejo (Portuguese),
Tondella, now Tondela,
Torienzo, now Turienzo de los Caballeros,
Truxillo, now Trujillo,
Vierzo, now El Bierzo,
Vincente, now Vicente,
Vittoria, now Vitoria,
Xeres, now Jerez,

* Chapter headers and Table of contents have been made consistent.

* Footnotes have been renumbered into a single series. Each footnote
is placed at the end of the paragraph or the table that includes
its anchor.

* The anchor placements in the main text for footnotes [219], [247]
and [777] are conjectured. No anchors were found in the printed
original.

* Two anchors were found for footnote [160], both in p. 125; only
one has been retained.

* In p. 302, end of paragraph, the adjective “best” has been added
to obtain the more usual reading: “the best condition”.

A HISTORY OF THE
PENINSULAR WAR

BY

CHARLES OMAN
M.A. OXON., HON. LL.D. EDIN.
FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE REAL ACADEMIA
DE LA HISTORIA OF MADRID, OF THE ACADEMY OF LISBON
AND THE ACADEMY OF SAN LUIS OF SARAGOSSA

VOL. IV
DEC. 1810-DEC. 1811

MASSÉNA’S RETREAT FUENTES DE OÑORO
ALBUERA TARRAGONA

WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1911

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK
TORONTO AND MELBOURNE