Chapter I: Front Matter

A

GOTHIC GRAMMAR

WITH SELECTIONS FOR READING AND A GLOSSARY

BY

WILHELM BRAUNE.

TRANSLATED

(FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN EDITION)

AND EDITED, WITH

EXPLANATORY NOTES, COMPLETE CITATIONS, DERIVATIONS, AND
CORRESPONDENCES,

BY

GERHARD H. BALG.

SECOND EDITION.

MILWAUKEE, WIS.: THE AUTHOR.
NEW YORK: B. WESTERMANN & CO., LEMCKE & BUECHNER.
LONDON, ENG.: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUEBNER & CO.

* * * * *

ENTERD ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1895, BY

G. H. BALG,

IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON.

ELECTROTYPED AND PRINTED BY THE GERMANIA PUB. CO., MILWAUKEE, WIS.

* * * * *

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The main object of this Gothic Grammar is to render service to academic instruction, as a basis for lectures and Gothic exercises; it is intended, at the same time, to afford the student sufficient aid in acquiring a practical knowledge of the Gothic language and thus enable him to follow more advantageously the lectures on historical and comparativ grammar. For this purpose the Gothic Fonology and Inflection ar, as far as possibl, set forth by themselves, without resorting to Comparativ Grammar for an explanation of the facts. Occasionally another Germanic dialect, as the Old High German, has rather been referd to. The linguistic elucidation is left to the lectures. To him, however, who lerns Gothic from this book, without any possibility of hearing lectures, wishing at the same time to gain profounder knowledge, there may be especially recommended the following helps: K. BRUGMANN'S 'Grundriss der vergleichenden grammatik' and FR. KLUGE'S 'Vorgeschichte der altgermanischen dialekte' (in PAUL'S 'Grundriss der germ. philologie', I, 300-406).

The references to literary works containd in the Grammar itself ar not intended to act as linguistic explanations, but refer to works and treatises which present much of profit concerning the establishment and conception of facts from a purely Gothic point of view; several references to BRUGMANN'S 'Grundriss' ar perhaps the only exceptions.

The Reading Exercises ar intended to offer sufficient material for Gothic exercises; they giv students working independently of a teacher an opportunity to apply what they hav lernd from the Grammar. The beginner may be advized at first simply to read over the chapters on Fonology, but to giv more attention to those on Inflection (for the beginning without the notes) and then to commence reading a text. This exercise ought to be accumpanied by a more extended lerning of the Grammar, just as a thuro analysis of the text wil require a constant reference to the Grammar.

The Glossary contains not only the vocabulary of the Reading Exercises, but also all words occurring in the Grammar. The citations from the Inflection hav been givn in ful, those from the Fonology in every case where a word is not givn merely as an arbitrary chozen exampl. Thus the Glossary may at the same time serv as an Index to the Grammar.

Sinse its first appearance in 1880, this book has not undergone essential changes; the success seemd to me to garantee the appropriateness of the plan, so that also in the present edition I hav not complied with several wishes for a farther scope. I stil hold that an admixture of elements from Comparativ Filology would be opposed to the object of the book. The question could rather arize as to whether there ought not to be added any chapters on Word-Formation and Syntax as main parts to the Fonology and Inflection. However this also has been disregarded. Such points of word-formation as may promote the practical study of the Gothic language, wil be found interwoven in the Inflection; a systematic presentation of the Gothic alone does not seem to me to prove very beneficial, but only in connection with the other Germanic, resp. Indo-Germanic, languages. And particularly with respect to this, excellent assistance is afforded the student by KLUGE's 'Nominale stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen dialekte' (cp. § 223) which has been amply referd to under Inflection, and which is easily accessibl as a supplementary number to the 'Sammlung kurzer grammatiken germanischer dialekte'. The addition of a syntax in harmony with the rest of the grammar would likely hav increast the book to dubl its size, which, as regards its sale, seemd to me a point wurthy of consideration. There are, moreover, easily attainabl summaries of the Gothic language. Therefore I hav for the present contented myself with annexing a list of grammatical and lexical helps (§ 224), which may serv as a guide to the inquirer.

For this edition I hav again receivd kind informations from sum that uze the book. Beside the correction of misprints, the contents of the book has been favorably influenced by notes receivd from Mssrs. G. H. Balg, R. Bethge, J. Franck, and M. H. Jellinek. I herewith express my sincerest thanks to all. Mr. Roediger's review has also been thankfully uzed. For assistance renderd me in correcting the proof-sheets, I ow many thanks to my friend E. Sievers.

HEIDELBERG, May 1st, 1895.

W. BRAUNE.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

The present edition contains all of the latest (fourth) German edition and such additional matter as has been deemd fit to enable the student to lern Gothic more quickly than he would without it. The addition of the Explanatory Notes and of the comprehensiv amplification of the Glossary has, in a mezure, been suggested and desired by many. At first it was intended to ad explanatory notes only, leaving the glossary intact. But from numerous communications I lernd that the present glossary must be welcum to many, if not all, students of Gothic.

In writing down the Notes I hav taken great pains to place myself in the position of the beginner, and it is hoped that the more advanced student wil pardon what might seem superfluous to him. Sum of the explanations ar due to Bernhardt's critical notes in his 'Wulfila' to which I hav often referd. The Notes wer much more comprehensiv before the glossary was workt out, but many of them hav been transferd to the latter, in a few cases without being deleted in their first place, as I observd in reading the proof-sheets. The Glossary has been prepared upon the following plan: It is strictly alfabetic. The compound verbs ar mentiond with the simpl verbs. Many inflectional forms which the beginner who has not yet fully masterd the declensions and conjugations, is not likely to recognize in the texts, hav been givn as vocabulary words. The inflection of every word is indicated by figures in parentheses. The figures in () immediately after the vocabulary words refer to the paragrafs on Fonology. Proper nouns hav been inflected in full inasmuch as they occur in the Selections. The references to the texts ar complete and may be regarded as the first supplement to my 'Comparativ Glossary of the Gothic Language'. Tho admitting accidental omissions in this respect, I am certain that the references ar more complete than those of any other glossary. This tiresum work has cost me much time and labor, but I hope soon to be able to continue and complete it for the remaining part of the Gothic texts.

In the square brackets the derivation of the Gothic words is givn first; then follow the correspondences or cognates, both being, with one or two exceptions, Germanic. The cognates ar always preceded by cp. or cf. It is possibl, however, that I hav faild in sum cases to point out the transference of a word from one declension or conjugation to another.

This part of the book makes no claim to completeness. Several articls had been laid aside for further consideration, but professional and other duties as wel as the sudden appearance of the German edition ar the causes of leaving them untucht. As regards derivation and composition, the student wil do wel by reading carefully §§ 79-82 and § 88ᵃ together with the notes. To point out the various root-grades from which words are derived, is left to the lecturer.

The translation of the Grammar was made from the advanced plate proofs for which I am obliged to the eminent author, Prof. Wm. Braune, who kindly and promptly forwarded them to me. Altho this part of the work was done as fast as it was demanded by the printer, I feel sure that nothing has been omitted. In this respect I am indetted to my wife and one of my pupils, Miss Matilda Uihlein who, in comparing my translation with the German text, red the latter from the beginning to the end. Another pupil, Miss Ida Uihlein, is to be credited for the translation of Prof. Braune's preface, which could be sent to press with comparativly few emendations.

Beside the books often cited in the square brackets and in the Notes I have thankfully uzed Mayhew and Skeat's Midl English Dictionary, Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, and Mac Lean's Old and Midl English Reader.

MILWAUKEE, Aug. 15th, 1895.

G. H. BALG.

CONTENTS.

Fonology. Page

Chap. I. Alfabet (§§ 1-2) 1

Chap. II. Vowels (§§ 3-27) 3

Chap. III. Table of the Vowels (§§ 28-36) 14
A. Fonetic System (§ 28).
B. Historical System (§§ 29-36).

Chap. IV. Consonants (§§ 37-82) 18
A. Sonorous Consonants (§§ 38-50).
B. Noizd Sounds (§§ 51-78).
Labials (§§ 51-56).
Gutturals (§§ 57-68).
Dentals (§§ 69-78).
Appendix. General Remarks on the Consonants (§§ 79-82).

Inflections.

Chap. I. Declension of Substantivs (§§ 83-120) 37
General Remarks (§§ 83-88).
A. Vowel (Strong) Declension (§§ 89-106).
B. N-Declension (Weak Declension) (§§ 107-113).
C. Minor Declensions (§§ 114-118).
Appendix. Declension of Foren Words (§§ 119-120).

Chap. II. Declension of Adjectivs (§§ 121-139) 51
A. Strong Adjectivs (§§ 122-139).
B. Weak Adjectivs (§ 132).
C. Declension of Participls (§§ 133-134).
D. Comparison of Adjectivs (§§ 135-139).

Chap. III. Numerals (§§ 140-149) 58

Chap. IV. Pronouns (§§ 150-166) 61

Chap. V. Conjugation (§§ 167-209) 66
I. Strong Verbs (§§ 169-182).
II. Weak Verbs (§§ 183-195).
III. Irregular Verbs (§§ 196-209).

Chap. VI. Particls (§§ 210-219) 85

Appendix. The Goths, Sources, Editions, Grammatical and Lexical
Helps, Literature of the Goth. Syntax (§§ 220-224) 89

Selections for Reading 97

Explanatory Notes 117

Glossary 135

ABBREVIATIONS.

anv., anomalous verb.
cf. or cp., compare.
E., English.
follg., following.
G., German.
Gr., Greek.
Idg., Indo-Germanic.
Lt., Latin.
ME., Midl English.
MHG., Midl High German.
NE., New English.
NHG., New High German.
Nth., Northumbrian.
OE., Old English.
OHG., Old High German.
ON., Old Norse.
OS., Old Saxon.
pp., past participl.
prec., preceding.
prsp., present participl.
prt.-prs., preterit present.
Sc., Scotch.
Shak., Shakspere.
Sp., Spenser.
sta., strong adjectiv.
stv., strong verb.
th. s., the same.
w., with or word.
wa., weak adjectiv.
wv., weak verb.
<, from; >, whense.

Anz. fda., Anzeiger für deutsches alterthum, s. Zs. fda.

Beitr., Beiträge zur geschichte der deutschen sprache und
literatur. Halle 1874 ff.

Bezzenb. beitr., Beiträge zur kunde der indogerm. sprachen, hg. v.
A. Bezzenberger. Göttingen 1875 ff.

Brugm., Grundriss der vergleichenden grammatik der indog. sprachen
von K. Brugmann (Engl. edition). Strassburg 1886-92.

Dietrich, aussprache des got., s. § 2 n. 1.

Germ., Germania, hg. von Pfeiffer-Bartsch-Behaghel (1856-92).

Grundr., Grundriss der germ. philologie, hg. v. H. Paul. Strassburg
1889-93.

IF., Indogerm. forschungen, hg. v. K. Brugmann und W. Streitberg.
Strassburg 1892 ff.

Kl. W., Kluge, Wörterbuch.

Kuhns zs., Zeitschrift für vergleichende sprachforschung. Berlin
1852 ff.

Litbl., Literaturblatt für germ. und roman. philologie. Heilbronn
1880 ff.

Sk., Skeat, Etymological Dictionary.

vB., von Bahder, Verbalabstracta.

Wrede, Wand., Sprache der Wandalen, s. § 220 n. 4.

Wrede, Ostg., Sprache der Ostgoten, s. § 221 n. 4.

Zs. fda., Zeitschrift für deutsches alterthum. Berlin 1841 ff. With
this sinse vol. 19: Anzeiger für d. alt. Berlin 1876 ff.

Zs. fdph., Zeitschrift für deutsche philologie. Halle 1869 ff.

FONOLOGY.

CHAP. I. THE ALFABET.

§ 1. The monuments of the Gothic language ar handed down to us in a peculiar alfabet which, according to Greek ecclesiastic writers, was invented by Wulfila (s. § 221). The Gothic alfabet, however, is not entirely a new creation, but Wulfila based it on the Greek alfabet which he accomodated to the Gothic sounds, increasing it by several signs from the Latin alfabet, and, in a few cases, availing himself of the familiar runic alfabet. Of the Greek alfabet he also retaind the order and numerical value. The Gothic alfabet is now sufficiently represented in Roman letters. In the following we giv in the first line the original Gothic characters, in the second their numerical values, in the third the transliteration of the Gothic characters by Roman letters, which latter we shall uze exclusivly in this book.

A B Γ d e u z h Ψ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

a b g d e q z h þ

ϊι R λ M N G n Π ɥ

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

i k l m n j u p --

R S T Y Ꝼ X Θ Ω ↑

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

r s t w f χ ƕ o --]

NOTE 1. Of these signs one (=i=, _10_) is represented by two forms.
The =i= without dots occurs oftener, the =i= with dots stands at
the beginning of a word, and in the midl of a word after a vowel,
to show that it forms a syllabl for itself and does not form a
difthong with the preceding vowel; e. g., =fraïtiþ= (= =fra-itiþ=).
In transliteration =i= is employd thruout.

NOTE 2. Two characters, the Greek episema 'koppa' (_90_) and
'sampi' (_900_), hav no fonetic values, but serv only as numerals.
When the symbols denote numerals, they ar markt by a horizontal
stroke abuv them, or by dots before and after them: =i̅b̅= or
=·ib·= = 12.

NOTE 3. The transliteration of the Gothic symbols is not alike in
all cases. Most editors hav hitherto uzed =v= for =w= (§ 39, n. 1);
for the singl symbols =q= (§ 39, n. 1) and =ƕ= (§ 63) we find =kv=
or =qu= and =hv= or =w=, respectivly; for =þ=, which is borrowd
from the Norse-A.-S. alfabet, also =th= occurs (§ 70, n. 1).

NOTE 4. The Gothic monuments show but few abbreviations; the holy
names, =guþ=, =frauja=, =iêsus=, =Χristus=, ar always abbreviated.
Abbreviations ar denoted by a stroke abuv the word, but in our
texts the abbreviated words ar uzually printed in ful; as, =g̅þ̅= =
=guþ=, =f̅a̅=, =f̅i̅n̅s̅= = =frauja=, =fraujins=.--For more on this
point, s. Gabelentz-Loebe's grammar, p. 19 et seq.

NOTE 5. The Goths alredy had the Germanic runic letters before
Wulfila. The names of these letters wer uzed also for the new
characters. The names of the Gothic symbols, together with a
few Gothic words and alfabets, ar preservd in a Salzburg-Vienna
manuscript of the 9th century: W. Grimm, 'Wiener Jahrbücher der
Litteratur 43', p. 4 et seq. Massmann, zs. fda. 1, p. 296 et
seq.--The form of the names, however, is very corrupt. As to
this, cp. A. Kirchhoff, 'Das Gotische Runenalphabet', 2nd edit.,
Berlin 1854; J. Zacher, 'Das Gotische Alphabet Vulfilas und das
Runenalphabet', Leipzig 1855.--Of special importance is Wimmer's
treatis on Wulfila's alfabet, as 'Appendix I' to his book: 'Die
Runenschrift', Berlin 1887, pp. 259-274.

§ 2. Of the 27 characters two hav only numerical values, (§ 1, n. 2), a third, the χ, is retaind only in Greek foren words, especially in the name 'Christus', and denotes no Gothic sound. Hense there remain the following 24 characters whose fonetic values ar to be determind:

(a) Consonants:

=p b f m w | t d þ s z n l r | k q g h ƕ j.=

(b) Vowels:

=a e i o u.=

(c) Difthongs:

=ei iu ai au.=

In determining the fonetic values of these characters we ar guided by the following means: (1) The Gothic alfabet is based on the Greek alfabet; hense, the pronunciation of the Greek letters to be determind for the 4th century, must also be regarded as that of the Gothic letters so long as there is no proof to the contrary. (2) The rendition of the numerous Greek foren words and proper nouns by Wulfila. (3) The transliteration of the Gothic proper nouns in Latin documents and by Latin authors of the 4th-8th centuries. (4) The testimony of the cognate Germanic languages. (5) Fonetic changes and grammatical fenomena in the Gothic language itself permit us to draw conclusions about the nature of the sounds.

NOTE 1. Concerning the pronunciation of the Gothic letters, cp.
Weingärtner, 'Die Aussprache des Gotischen zur Zeit des Ulfilas',
Leipzig 1858; Fr. Dietrich, 'Ueber die Aussprache des Gotischen
während der Zeit seines Bestehens', Marburg 1862; about the
consonants, Paul, 'Zur Lautverschiebung', Beitr. 1, p. 147 et seq.

NOTE 2. An old testimony for the Gothic pronunciation in the
Salzburg-Vienna MS.:

_uuortun otan auar euangeliū ther lucam_
=waurþun uþþan afar aiwaggeljo þairh Lokan=

_uuorthun auar thuo iachuedant iachᵘatun_
=waurþun afar þo jah qeþun.=

ubi dicit. genuit _.j._ ponitur ubi gabriel _.g._ ponunt et
alia his sim̅ ubi aspiratione . ut dicitur gah libeda _jah libaida_
diptongon _ai_ pro e longa p ch _q_ ponunt.--Cp. § 1, n. 5,
and, for explanation, especially Kirchhoff, p. 20 et seq.

CHAP. II. THE VOWELS.

a

§ 3. The Gothic =a= signifies as a rule the short a-sound [as in G. mann].

NOTE 1. Foren words and names; as, =Annas=, Ἀννας; =Akaja=, Ἀχαΐα;
=barbarus=, βάρβαρος; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος; =karkara=, _carcer_;
=lukarn=, _lucerna_; =Kafarnaum=, Καπερναούμ.

NOTE 2. Gothic names: =Athanaricus=, =Ariaricus=, =Amalafrigda=
(_Ammian._)

§ 4. Short =a= is very frequent both in stem-syllabls and in inflection. E. g.

(a) Stem-syllabls: =agis=, _aw_; =aljis=, '_alius_'; =tagr=, _tear_; =aƕa=, '_aqua_'; =alan=, _to grow_; =hafjan=, _to heav_; =saltan=, _to salt_; =haldan=, _to hold_; =waldan=, _to rule_; =fadar=, _father_; =staþs=, _place_.--=ahtau=, '_octo_'; =gasts=, _guest_; =ƕaþar=, '_uter_'; =awistr=, _sheepfold_ (OHG. au, '_ovis_'; ahd. gr., § 219, n. 3); =bandi=, _band_; =barn=, _child_; =saggws=, _song_; all preterits of the III.-V. ablaut-series: =bar=, _I bore_; =hlaf=, _I stole_; =band=, _I bound_; =gaf=, _I gave_, etc.

(b) Inflections: =daga= (dat. sg., § 90), =waúrda= (nom. acc. pl., § 93), =giba= (nom. acc. sg., § 96), =guma= (nom. sg., § 107), =haírtôna= (nom. acc. pl., § 109); --=blindamma=, =blindana=, =blinda=, =blindata= (str. adj., § 123); --=imma=, =ina=, =ita=, =ija=, =meina= (prn.; § 150 et seq.); --=nima= (1st pers. sg. prs. ind.); =nimaima=, =nimaiwa=, =nimaina= (1st pers. pl. du. and 3d pers. pl. opt., § 170); =haitada= (medio-passiv, § 170); =sôkida= (weak prt., § 184); --adverbs: =-ba= (as, =glaggwuba=), =nêƕa=, =inna=, =ana=, =waíla=, etc.

NOTE 1. Apocope of an unaccented =a= before enclitics:
=þat-ist=, =þat-ei=, =þan-uh=, =þamm-uh=, =þan-ei=, =þamm-ei=,
=kar-ist=.--Also =frêt= and =frêtum= (prt. of =fra-itan=, _to
devour_, § 176, n. 3).

NOTE 2. For =a= in the difthongs =ai=, =au=, s. §§ 21. 25.

§ 5. In a few cases =a= is long [as in E. father]. (Comp. Holtzmann, Altd. Gr., I, 3 et seq.).

(a) In foren words: =Silbânus= (_Silvanus_), =aurâli= (_orale_), =spaíkulâtur= (_speculator_), =Peilâtus=, etc.;

(b) In the following Gothic words: =fâhan= (OHG. fâhan), _to cach_; =hâhan= (OHG. hâhan), _to hang_; =þâhta= (prt. of =þagkjan=, _to think_); =brâhta= (prt. of =briggan=, _to bring_); =gafâhs=, _a haul_; =faúrhâh=, _curtain_; =gahâhjô=, _in order_; =-gâhts=, _a going_; also =þâhô= (OHG. dâha), _clay_; =unwâhs=, _blameless_ (OE. wôh, _wrong_).

NOTE. In the words mentiond under (b) =âh= arose from =anh= (§ 50,
n. 1). Cp. also Litbl. 1886, p. 485.

e

§ 6. =e= is always a long, close vowel (=ê=) approaching very much the sound of =i= [as in E. they].

NOTE 1. In Greek words η is regularly represented by =ê=; e.
g., =Gabriêl=, =Kêfas=, =aíkklêsjô=, =Krêta=; --sumtimes also
ι: =Naên=, Ναίν; =Tykêkus=, Τυχικός; =aíloê=, ἐλωί; likewise e:
=Jarêd=, Ἰαρέδ.

NOTE 2. In Gothic names Latin writers employ =e= for Gothic =ê=:
=Sigismêres=, =Gelimêr=, =Reccarêd=; besides, as erly as the 6th
century, quite regularly also =i=; as, =Theodemir=, =Valamir=. Cp.
Beitr., 11, 7 et seq.; Wrede, Wand., 92 et seq. #/Ναίν

§ 7. Goth. =ê= (which regularly corresponds to OHG. and OS. â; ahd. gr., § 34) is found:

(a) in reduplicating verbs, in part with the ablaut =ô= (§§ 179. 181): =grêtan=, =lêtan=, =slêpan=; (b) in the prt. pl. of the IV. and V. ablaut-series: =sêtum= (inf. =sitan=, _to sit_), =nêmun= (inf. =niman=, _to take_), =têmum= (inf. =timan=, _to befit_), =êtum= (inf. _itan_), and in the prt. sg. =frêt=; Luc. XV, 30 (§ 176, n. 3); (c) in derivativs from the verbal stems givn under (b); as, =andanêms=, _agreeabl_; =andanêm=, _a receiving_; =gatêmiba=, _becumingly_; =uzêta=, _manger_; (d) in other words; as, =jêr=, _year_; =qêns=, _wife_; =mêna=, _moon_; =lêkeis=, _fysician_; =mêrjan=, _to preach_; =manasêþs= ('_man-seed_'), _world_, etc.; (e) in formativ syllabls: =fahêþs=, _joy_; =awêþi=, _flock of sheep_ (cp. however § 17, n. 1); =azêts=, _easy_; 2nd pers. sg. prt. of wvs., =-dês= (=nasidês=, § 184); (f) final: in the ending of the gen. pl.; as, =dagê=; in monosyllabic instrumentals: =þê=, =ƕê= (§§ 153. 159); in particls and advs.; as, =swê=, =untê=, =hidrê=, =bisunjanê=; lastly, in the dativs =ƕammêh=, =ƕarjammêh=, =ainummê-hun= (cp. §§ 163-166).

NOTE 1. =ê= before vowels appears as =ai=; s. § 22.

NOTE 2. =ei= occurs quite often for =ê=, especially in the Gospel
of St. Luke; as, =qeins= (= =qêns=), =faheid= (= =fahêd=),
=fraleitais= (= =fralêtais=); Lu. II, 5. 10. 29; =afleitan=; Mt.
IX, 6, etc.

NOTE 3. Sporadically also =i= for =ê=; so, frequently, in the
Gospel of St. Lu.; as, =b~i~rusjôs=; Lu. II, 41; =q~i~þeina=; VIII,
56. IX, 21; =tawid~i~deina=; VI, 11; =duatsn~i~wun=; Mk. VI, 53.
Only =i= is found in =wriþus=, _herd_; Lu. VIII, 33 (for =wrêþus=;
cp. Bezzenb. Beitr. 3, 114).

NOTE 4. Reversely, also =e= occurs for =i= and =ei= (§ 10, n. 5; §
17, n. 1).--These deviations (in ns. 2-4) seem due to East Gothic
writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 161.

§ 8. From the preceding =ê= must be separated the =ê= of sum Gothic words in which it corresponds to OHG. ea, ia (not â): =hêr=, _here_; =Krêks=, _Greek_; =fêra=, _side_, _region_; =mês=, _table_. Cp. ahd. gr., §§ 35. 36; Beitr., 18, 409 et seq.

i

§ 9. Gothic =i=, as a rule, denotes the short vowel =i= [as in E. it], while its corresponding long sound is represented by =ei= [= ie in E. believ]; s. § 16.

NOTE 1. The =i= in Greek words stands for short ι, only
exceptionally for η which is generally represented by =ê=; e. g.,
=Aúnisimus=, Ὀνήσιμος; =Biþania=, Βηθανία.

NOTE 2. =i= in Gothic words is long, when it is incorrectly employd
for =ê= (cp. § 7, n. 3).

§ 10. The Gothic =i=, from an historical point of view, is of two kinds: It represents two originally distinct sounds which, from a purely Gothic standpoint, can not be separated.

(a) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic e (OHG. ë or i; cp. ahd. gr., §§ 28-30), as in the prs. tense of verbs of the III.-V. ablaut-series (§§ 32-34): =niman=, OHG. nëman; =giban=, OHG. gëban; =giba=, OHG. gëba; =bindan=, OHG. bintan; =itan=, _to eat_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =hlifan=, _to steal_; =swistar=, OHG. swëster; =fidwôr=, _four_; =gifts=, _gift_; =-qiss=, _speech_; the pps. of the V. ablaut-series: =gibans=, =itans=, =lisans=, =wigans=, =qiþans=.

(b) Goth. =i= = proethnic Germanic i (OHG. i; ahd. gr., § 31); e. g., =lists=, _stratagem_; =fisks=, _fish_; =is=, _he_; =wissa=, _I knew_; =skritnan=, _to rend_ (intr.); prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30): =bitun=, =bitans= (inf. =beitan=); =stigun=, =stigans= (inf. =steigan=); =liþun=, =liþans= (inf. =leiþan=).

NOTE 1. Final =i= occurs in =ni=, =bi=, =si=, =hiri=; in the
nominativs of feminin and neuter =j=-stems: =bandi= (§ 96), =kuni=
(§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculin =j=-stems: =hari=
(§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.: =nêmi=. This final =i= appears as
=j=, when it becums medial (§ 45).

NOTE 2. Final =i= before a following =i= of an enclitic word
is elided in =nist= (= =ni-ist=), =sei= (= =si-ei=), =niba= (=
=ni-iba=).

NOTE 3. Every =i= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aí=; cp. § 20.

NOTE 4. =ij= is found in =ija=, '_eam_'; =þrija=, '_tria_';
=fijan=, _to hate_; =frijôn=, _to luv_; =sijum=, _we ar_; =kijans=,
_germinated_, etc. =i= for =ij= is rare: =fian=, =sium=, etc., but
=friaþwa= (beside =frijaþwa=), _luv_, occurs very often.

NOTE 5. Occasionally =e= takes the place of =i=; as, =usdrebi=; Mk.
V, 10; =seneigana=; I. Tim. V, 1.

NOTE 6. For =i= in the difthong =iu=, s. §§ 18. 19.

NOTE 7. For a separation of the two =i=s (= OHG. ë and i) in East
Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

o

§ 11. The Gothic character =o= always denotes a long close =o= approaching sumwhat the sound of =û= (= o in E. home).

NOTE 1. In Greek words =o=, as a rule, corresponds to ω, rarely to
ο; e. g., =Makidonja=, Μακεδονία; it also stands for ου: =Iodas=,
Ἰούδας; Lu. III, 26.

NOTE 2. =o= in Gothic words often stands for (short) =u= (§ 14, n.
3).

§ 12. =ô= (= OHG. uo; s. ahd. gr., § 38 et seq.) is frequent in Gothic words. E. g., =brôþar=, _brother_; =bôka=, _beech_; =frôþs=, _wise_; =flôdus=, _flud_; =fôtus=, _foot_.

In the prt. of the VI. series (§ 35) and of the =ê--ô=-series (§ 36): =ôl=, =hôf=, =ôg=, pl. =ôlum=, =hôfum=, =ôgum=; =laílôt=, =laílôtum, aísô=. In endings, as in nom. pl. =gibôs=, =dagôs=; wvs. II.: =salbôn=; final, in gen. pl. f. =gibô=, =tuggônô=; nom. sg. =tuggô=, =haírtô=. Prns.: =ƕô=, =þô=, =sô=, =ƕanô-h=, =ainnô-hun=, =ƕarjanô-h=. Verb =salbô=. Advs. in =-ô= (§ 211).

NOTE 1. For =ô= we sumtimes find =u=: =gakrôtûda= (inf. =krôtôn=),
_he is crusht_; Lu. XX, 18; =ûhtêdun= (prs. =ôg=), _they feard_;
Mk. XI, 32.--In East Gothic names =u= often takes the place of =ô=;
s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.

NOTE 2. In a few words =ô= before vowels becums =au=; s. § 26.

NOTE 3. =ô= and =u= interchange in the inflection of =fôn=, gen.
=funins= (§ 118). Concerning this and other relations between =ô=
and =u=, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et
seq.

u

§ 13. The letter =u= in Gothic denotes both a short and a long vowel; the short =u=, however, occurs oftener than long =û=.

NOTE 1. =u= in foren words regularly represents Gr. ου. In
unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ο: =diabulus=,
διάβολος (beside =diabaúlus=), =apaústulus= (beside =apaústaúlus=),
=paíntêkustê=, πεντηκοστή.

NOTE 2. =u= for =ô= seldom (§ 12, n. 1), =u= for =áu= (§ 25, n. 3).

§ 14. Short =u= is very frequent in Gothic. E. g.

(a) =juk=, _yoke_; =sunus=, _sun_; =drus=, _fall_; =us-drusts=, _a falling_; =fra-lusts=, _lost_; =lusnan=, _to perish_; --in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the II. series (§ 31); e. g., =gutum=, =gutans=; =lusum=, =lusans=; --in endings of the sbs. of the =u=-decl.: =handus=, =handu=; --final, as in =þu=, prn., _thou_; =nu=, _now_; =-u= (interr. particl).

(b) =wulfs=, _wolf_; =wulla=, _wool_; =gaqumþs=, _council_; =gulþ=, _gold_; =swumfsl=, _pond_; =hund=, _100_; =sibun=, _7_; =taíhun=, _10_; =fulls=, _ful_; =un-= (privativ prefix); in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the III. series (§ 32): =bundum=, =bundans=; in the pp. of the verbs of the IV. series (§ 33): =numans=, =stulans=.

=brukans=, _broken_; =us-bruknan=, _to break off_ (intr.); =trudan=, _to tred_, pp. =trudans=; =snutrs=, _wise_.

NOTE 1. As a rule, the final =u= of stems is dropt before derivativ
=j=-suffixes; e. g., =-hardjan=, _to harden_ (< =hardus=);
=-agljan=, _to trubl_ (< =aglus=); =manwjan=, _to prepare_ (<
=manwus=); =ufarassjan=, _to increase_ (< =ufarassus=); L. Meyer,
'Got. Spr.', p. 325 et seq. But =skadwjan=, _to overshadow_
(< =skadus=), and =skadweins=, _a shading_ (cp. Zs. fda. 36,
269).--Concerning =u= beside =w=, cp. § 42.

NOTE 2. Every =u= before =h= and =r= is broken to =aú=; cp. § 24.

NOTE 3. =u= is eight times (mostly in Lu.) represented by =o=; e.
g., =laúhm~o~ni=, _lightning_: Lu. XVII, 24; =sunj~o~s=, _suns_;
Lu. XVI, 8; =ushôf~o~n=; Lu. XVII, 13; =ain~o~mêhun=; Lu. VIII, 43;
=faíh~o~=, _muney_; Mk. X, 23.

NOTE 4. In the endings of the =u=-declension =u= is occasionally
represented by =au=; as, =sunaus= (nom. sg.); Lu. IV, 3; cp. § 105,
n. 2.

§ 15. Long =û= certainly appears in: (a) =ût=, _out_ (=ûta=, etc.); =dûbô=, _duv_; =rûna=, _mystery_; =rûms=, _room, roomy_; =*mûl= (in =faúrmûljan=, _to muzl_); =brûþs=, _bride_; =hûs=, _house_; =skûra=, _shower_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_; =fûls=, _foul_; =*mûks= (in =mûkamôdei=), _meek_; =þûsundi=, _1000_; =brûkjan=, _to uze_ (prt. =brûhta=; adj. =brûks=); =lûkan=, _to lock_ (§ 173, n. 2); =hrûkjan=, _to crow_ (s. Beitr., 6, 379); =hnûþô=, _sting_ (Icel. hnúþa; s. Noreen, Nord. revy, April 1883).

(b) for nasalized =u=, the primitiv nasal being lost (cp. § 5, b; § 50, n. 1): =þûhta= (prt. of =þugkjan=, _to think_), =þûhtus=, _thought_ (adj. =þûhts=); =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =jûhiza= (compar. to =juggs=), _yunger_; =ûhtwô=, _daybreak_; =ûhteigs=, =ûhtiugs=, _seasonabl_; =bi-ûhts=, _accustomd_ (s. Brgm., I, 181).

NOTE 1. =u= is perhaps long in: =þrûtsfill=, _leprosy_ (cp. ON.
=þrútinn=, _swoln_; OE. =þrûstfell=; Beitr., 9, 254); =anabûsns=,
_commandment_ (Beitr., 9, 152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287); =lûns=,
_ransom_ (Brgm., II, 285); =sûts=, _sweet_ (OS. swôti, OE. swête;
cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff. =-dûþs= (§ 103; cp.
Beitr. 6, 380); =jûs=, _ye_ (§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398). Sum
write also =fidûr-= and =-ûh= (cp. § 24, n. 2).

NOTE 2. In =Rûma=, _Rome_, =Rûmôneis=, _a Roman_, =û= stands for
the Lt. o.

NOTE 3. =o= for =û= occurs only in =ôhteigô=; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in
codex B, for =ûhteigô= in A).

NOTE 4. For =û= becuming =au= before vowels, s. § 26, b.

ei

§ 16. Like Greek ει at the time of Wulfila, and in imitation of it, Gothic =ei= denotes long =î=.

NOTE 1. In Greek words =ei= uzually stands for ι, but also for
=ei=, and sumtimes for η.

NOTE 2. Concerning =ei= for Goth. =ê=, s. § 7, n. 2.

NOTE 3. The difthongal pronunciation of =ei= suggested by J. Grimm
is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg.
Vocalismus', I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57.

§ 17. =ei= in stem syllabls of Gothic words occurs especially in the prs. tense of the I. series (§ 30): =beitan=, _to bite_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =þeihan=, _to thrive_; in the inflection of these verbs it interchanges with =ai= and =i=.

Other exampls: =ƕeila=, _time_; =eisarn=, _iron_; =leiþu=, _cider_; =þreis=, _3_; =leihts=, _light_; =weihs=, _holy_; =skeirs=, _clear_; pronouns: =weis=, _we_; =meins=, =þeins=, =seins=; --very often in formativ and inflectional syllabls; as, adjs. in =-eigs= (=mahteigs=, _mighty_); in =-eins= (=aiweins=, _eternal_); nomina actionis in =-eins= (=laiseins=, _doctrin_); nom. and gen. sg. of the m. =ja=-stems: =haírdeis=, _herd_; =laisareis=, _teacher_; nom. pl. of the =i=-decl.: =gasteis=; opt. prt.: =nêmeis=; final, in feminins in =-ei=: =managei= (§ 113); imperativs: =sôkei=, etc. (§ 186); the rel. particl =ei= (§ 157), alone and in composition.

NOTE 1. =ei= is quite often represented by =ê=; as =akêtis=; Mt.
XXVII, 48; =wêhsa=; Mk. VIII, 26. 27; =akê=; Gal. II, 14; =izê=;
Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII, 13. 15, etc.--Here perhaps belongs also
=awêþi= (§ 7, e), which, however, occurs three times with =ê=: Jo.
XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32; 18, 286.

NOTE 2. Onse (in =seiteina=; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurs =ei= beside
=in= (in =sinteins=, _daily_; =sinteinô=, _always_).

NOTE 3. Beside =gabeigs=, _rich_ (=gabei=, _riches_), which occurs
5 times in Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find
more frequently (11 times) =gabigs= (> =gabigjan=, _to enrich_;
=gabignan=, _to grow rich_); cp. Brgm., II, 261. 271.

iu

§ 18. In the pronunciation of =iu= the stress is on the =i=, and =u= is a consonant.

NOTE 1. In Gothic words Latin writers render =iu= by eu, eo:
=Theudes=, =Theudicodo=; =Theodoricus=. As to this, cp. Wrede,
'Wand', 100 et seq.; 'Ostg.', 167.

NOTE 2. In =sium= (§ 10, n. 4), =niu= (interr. particl = =ni-u=, §
216) =iu= is dissyllabic, i. e. =í-ú=.

§ 19. =iu= is a normal vowel of the present tense of the II. series (§ 31), and here it interchanges with the ablauts =au=, =u=: =biugan=, _to bend_; =biudan=, _to offer_.--In other words; as, =þiuda=, _peple_; =dius=, _animal_; =liuhaþ=, _light_; =diups=, _deep_; =siuks=, _sick_; =niujis=, _new_; =niun=, _9_; =iup=, _upward_.--In formativ and inflectional syllabls =iu= does not occur, except in the isolated =ûhtiugs= (I. Cor. XVI, 12. Cp. Beitr., 12, 202).

NOTE. In =triu=, _tree_; =qiujan=, _to quicken_, etc., =iu=
interchanges with =iw= before an inflectional vowel: gen. =triwis=;
prt. =qiwida=; cp. § 42.

ai

=ai= in Gothic words denotes two etymologically, and certainly also fonetically, different sounds.

§ 20. I. +The short vowel+ =aí= [= a in E. fat]. =ai= is uzed in Gothic to denote a short, open e[1]-sound. In this case, according to Grimm's exampl, grammarians put an accute accent over the =i= (=aí=) in order to distinguish it from =ái= (§ 21). Gothic =ai= corresponds to e or i in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages. The short =e=-sound represented by =aí= occurs:

(1) before =h= (=ƕ=) and =r=, which sounds hav caused breaking of +every+ preceding short =i= to =e= (aí; § 10, n. 3); e. g., =aírþa=, _erth_; =waírpan=, _to throw_; =baírhts=, _bright_; =faíhu=, _catl_; =maíhstus=, _dung_; =raíhts=, _right_; =taíhun=, _10_; =saíƕan=, _to see_; =þaíhum= (prt. pl. of =þeihan=, _to grow_). (2) in reduplicated syllabls (§ 178 et seq.): =haíhald=, =aíaik=, =laílôt=, =saísô=, etc. Cp. Osthoff, 'Zur Geschichte des Perfects', p. 276 et seq. Brugmann, IV, 15. (3) in the conj. =aíþþau=, _or_ (= OHG. ëddo, ahd. gr. § 167, n. 11; cp. Beitr. 12, 211); probably, also, in =waíla=, _wel_ (= OHG. wëla, ahd. gr., § 29, n. 4), but cp. Beitr. 11, 553.

NOTE 1. The law for the transition of =i= to =ai= before =h= and
=r= (so-calld breaking or refraction) is almost without exception,
and equally concerns the Germanic i in general and the Gothic =i=s
(§ 10) in particular. The =i= before =h=, =r=, is retaind only in
the following words: =nih=, '_neque_' (= =ni uh=), =hiri=, _(cum)
here!_; du. =hirjats=, pl. =hirjiþ= (219); and in the isolated
forms: =sihu=, _victory_ (cp. § 106, n. 1), =þarihis= (a probably
corrupt form in Mt. IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg., _not fuld_ (said of
cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq.

NOTE 2. +Not every+ =ai= before =h=, =r= is =aí=, but may also be
the old difthong; e. g., =þáih= (prt. of =þeihan=, like =ráis=,
prt. of =reisan=, but pl. =þaíhum=, like =risum=, § 30), =áih=, _I
hav_; =áihts=, _property_; =háihs=, _one-eyd_; =fáih=, _deceit_
(Beitr., 12, 397); =áir=, _erly_ (OHG. êr); =sáir= (OHG. sêr),
_sorrow_; =áirus=, _messenger_. Whether =ai= has the value of
=ái= or =aí= can in most cases only be inferd from the remaining
Germanic languages.

NOTE 3. In Latin orthografy =aí= is exprest by e; e. g.,
Ermanaricus = Goth. =*Aírmanareiks=, Ermenberga = Goth.
=*Aírminbaírga=. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.

NOTE 4. =ai= is to be regarded as a difthong (=ái=) in =baitrs=,
_bitter_; =jains=, _yon, that_ (and its derivations), while
formerly, according to OHG. bittar, jenêr, it was thought to be
short (=aí=). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11 et seq.; Brgm.,
I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.--Scherer (Zur Gesch. d. dtsch.
Sprache) presumed short =aí= also in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt.
(like =nimai=) and in several forms of the strong inflection of
adjs. (nom. pl. m. =blindai=, gen. sg. f. =blindaizôs=, gen. pl.
=blindaizê=, =blindaizô=). Hirt (Beitr., 18, 284 et seq.) goes stil
farther in this direction.--Cp. also § 22, n. 3. #/

§ 21. II. +The old Difthong+ =ai=. By far the greater number of the Gothic =ai=s express a difthongal sound which is equivalent to OHG. ei or ê (ahd. gr., §§ 43. 44), OS. ê, ON. ei. The Goths of Wulfila's time indeed seem to hav stil pronounced this =ai= as =a= + =i=.--For the difthong =ai= we employ Grimm's sign =ái= whenever it is likely to be confused with =aí=. Exampls of difthongal =ai= (before =h=, =r=, cp. § 20, n. 2): The prts. sg. of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30),--=bait=, _I bit_ (inf. =beitan=); =staig=, _I mounted_ (inf. =steigan=); etc.; =wait= (§ 197); =ains=, _one_; =hlaifs=, (_loaf of_) _bred_; =staiga=, _path_; =laisjan=, _to teach_; --=haitan=, _to be calld_; =maitan=, _to cut_; =skaidan=, _to separate_; =aiws=, _time_; --=hails=, _hale_, _sound_; =dails=, _deal_.

=ai= appears also in inflectional syllabls of the III. Weak Conjugation (§ 191): =habais=, =habaida=, etc.; in the prs. opt.: =nimais=, etc.; =anstais=, gen. sg. of the =i=-decl.; in the str. adjs.: =blindaizôs=, etc. (§ 123); --final: =gibai=, =anstai=, dat. sg.: =nimai=, 3 prs. sg. opt.; =blindai=, dat. sg. f. and nom. pl. m. of the str. adj.; --monosyllabls: =þai=, nom. pl., _these_; =twai=, _2_; =bai=, _both_; =jai=, _yes_; =sai=, _behold!_; =wai=, _woe!_

NOTE 1. Latin writers express the Gothic =ai= predominantly by
ai, ei: =Dagalaiphus=, =Gaina=, =Radagaisus=, =Gisaleicus= (cp.
Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'), =eils= in a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379).
On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp. § 221, n. 3) stands =hailag= (Paul's
'Grundriss', I, 411).--Concerning the difthongal pronunciation of
the Gothic =ai=, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.; about
monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165.

NOTE 2. =ai= and =aj= interchange in =wai=, _woe!_; =wai-dêdja=,
_evil-doer_, and =waja-mêrjan=, _to blasfeme_; in =aiws=, _time_,
and =ajukdûþs=, _eternity_.

§ 22. Many scholars hold that also the =ai= in the reduplicating ablaut vs. (§ 182) =saian= and =waian= is difthongal. This =ai=, however, stands etymologically for Gothic =ê=, and its OHG. equivalent is â (not ei): OHG. sâen, wâen (cp. ahd. gr., § 359, n. 3.) The difthong =ai= before a vowel would becum =aj=; hense, =*sajan=, =*wajan=. Here =ai= perhaps has the sound of long æ, i. e. open e representing close e (ê) when followd by a vowel; thus, =saian=, =waian=, for =sêan=, =wêan=.

NOTE 1. Before the =i= of the 3d pers. sg. prs. a =j= is often
found: =saijiþ= (Mk. IV, 14), =saijiþ= (II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, for
=saiiþ= in B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in A, for =saiiþ= in B). Before =a=
the =j= occurs but onse: =saijands= (Mk. IV, 14). Cp. Beitr. 11, 75
et seq.

NOTE 2. Here belongs also the isolated =faian= (Rom. IX, 19, in
prs. =faianda=); but the prs. to the prt. =laílôun= is =lauan=
rather than =laian=. Cp. Beitr. 11, 56.

NOTE 3. Also the =ai= in =armaiô=, _alms_ (Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210;
Beitr. 11, 74), is likely to belong here.--Concerning the fonetic
values of the =ai=s discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51
et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127; Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside
Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long sound for these =ai=s;
Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq.

§ 23. That the Goth. =ai= may be both short and long (like a in E. at, fare) is evident from its regular occurrence in Greek words. As a rule, =ai= = ε in =aikklêsjô=, ἐκκλησία; =Aileisabaiþ=, Ἐλισάβεθ; =Baiailzaibul=, Βεελζεβούλ; =Gainnêsaraiþ=, Γεννησαρέτ, etc.; likewise = αι (i. e. long æ): =Idumaia=, Ἰδουμαία; =Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος; =hairaísis=, αἵρεσις, etc.

NOTE. Gothic =ai= for Greek η is exceptional; e. g.,
=Hairodiadins=, gen. to Ἡρωδίας (Mk. VI, 17); =Neikaúdaimus=
(Skeir. 52); Νικόδημος (for =Nikaúdêmus= elsewhere.)

au

Also Goth. =au= (like =ai=) stands for historically and fonetically different sounds.

§ 24. I. +The short vowel+ =aú=.--=au= in Gothic denotes a short open =o=-sound. In this case grammarians put an accute accent over the =u= (=aú=) in order to keep it apart from the difthong =au=. Goth. =aú= corresponds to o or u in OHG. and in the other Germanic languages.

The =aú=, before =h= and =r= in Gothic words, has in every instance developt from a short =u= which, when immediately followd by these sounds, was 'broken' to short ŏ. E. g.

=waúrms=, _wurm_; =haúrn=, _horn_; =baúrgs= (OHG. burg), _city_; =waúrd=, _word_; =waúrpum=, prt. pl. of =waírpan=, _to throw_ (cp. § 32); =saúhts= (OHG. suht), _sickness_; =daúhtar=, _daughter_; =aúhsa=, _ox_; =taúhum=, prt. pl. of =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =baúhta=, prt. of =bugjan=, _to buy_.

NOTE 1. =aú= before other sounds is entirely exceptional and
sumwhat doutful. Thus, in =auftô=, _perhaps_ (onse also =ufto=;
Mt. XXVII, 64), =bisauljan=, _to sully_; =bisaulnan=, _to becum
sullied_. Holtzmann (altd. gr., p. 14) regards also =ufbauljan=
(II. Tim. III, 4) as belonging to this class.

NOTE 2. The change of short =u= into =aú= before =h= is without
exception. An apparent exception is the enclitic =-uh=, _and_,
the =u= of which must be referd to a secondary development; it is
never found after a short accented vowel, nor after a long vowel or
difthong; e. g., =sa-h=, =ni-h=, =þai-h=, =wiljáu-h=, =ƕarjanô-h=;
=u= occurs after consonants, and in polysyllabic words in which a
final short =a= before the =u= was elided; as, =ƕaz-uh=, =þammuh=
(= =þamma uh=), =qiþuh= (= =qiþa uh=). Sum, however, assume =-ûh=
(cp. Beitr. 18, 299).--Other =u=s before =h= ar all long: =þûhta=
(cp. § 15).--There ar a few cases of =u= before =r= in unaccented
syllabls (§ 13, n. 1), namely in the foren words =spaikulâtur= and
=paúrpura= (beside =paúrpaúra=), _purpl_; so, also, in the Gothic
=fidur-= (§ 141, n. 1) which, however, stands perhaps for =fidûr-=
(cp. IF. 4, 334).--The prefix =ur-= (in =urreisan=, =urruns=, etc.)
does not belong here; it is a late form for =us= the =s= of which
was assimilated to a following =r= (§ 78, n. 4).

NOTE 3. Not every =au= before =h= and =r= has developt from =u=,
but may also be the difthong =au=; as, =háuhs=, _high_; =táuh=,
prt. of =tiuhan= (but pl. =taúhum=, § 31); =gáurs=, _sorry_ (cp.
OHG. gôrag, _wreched_, and Goth. =gaunôn=, _to mourn_).

NOTE 4. The =au= for =u= in the endings of the =u=-declension may
be =aú=, but also =áu= which would be due to confusion caused by
analogy. Beitr., 18, 280.--Cp. also =uftô= for =auftô=, § 24, n. 1.

NOTE 5. As a rule, the Greek ο is represented by =aú=; e.
g., =apaustaulus=, ἀπόστολος; =alabalstraun=, ἀλάβαστρον;
=Barþaulaumaius=, Βαρθολομαῖος; =Pauntius=, Πόντιος; =aú= = υ in
=Saúr=, Σύρος; =paúrpaúra=, πορφύρα.--Goth. =aú= = o in the East
Gothic name =Thorisa=. (Wrede, 'Ostg.', 76. 165).

§ 25. II. +The old difthong+ =au= [= ou in E. house]. Every =au= not broken from =u= (before =h=, =r=; s. § 24 and note 3) is a difthong; it corresponds to OHG. au, ou, or ô (ahd. gr., §§ 45. 46), OS. ô, ON. au. Whenever it is likely to be confused with =aú=, we put (according to Grimm), an accute accent over the =a= (=áu=). E. g.

The prts. sg. of the II. ablaut-series (§ 31): =gaut=, _I pour_ (inf. =giutan=); =laug=, _I lied_, etc.; =laugnjan=, _to deny_; =daupjan=, _to baptize_; =galaubjan=, _to believ_; =galaubeins=, _belief_; =rauþs=, _red_; =dauþus=, _deth_; --=aukan=, _to increase_; =hlaupan=, _to run_; =stautan=, _to push, strike_; --=haubiþ=, _hed_; =augô=, _ey_.

=au= in inflections and final occurs in the =u=-declension: =sunaus=, =sunau=; 1st pers. sg. opt.: =nimau=, =nêmjau=; 3d pers. sg. imper.: =lausjadau=; opt. midl: =haitaidau=.

NOTE 1. =au= often interchanges with =aw= (cp. § 42); e. g.,
=taujan=, prt. =tawida=, _to do_; =mawi=, gen. =maujôs=, _girl_;
=sniwan=, prt. =snau=, _to hasten_.

NOTE 2. Latin writers express Goth. =au= by au; as, =Ausila=,
=Austrovaldus=, =Audericus=. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 96 et seq.
Concerning East Gothic monofthongizations, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165
et seq. (Zs. fda., 36, 273²).

NOTE 3. In the =u=-declension =u= is often found for =áu=; cp. §
24, n. 4; § 105, n. 2.

§ 26. Another =au=, historically, and probably also fonetically, different from the preceding ones occurs before vowels.

(a) For original =ô=: =stauida=, prt. of =stôjan=, _to judge_; =staua=, f., _judgment_; =staua=, m., _judge_; =taui=, n., gen. =tôjis=, _deed_ (cp. also =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doer_; =taujan=, _to do_, prt. =tawida=); =afmauidai= and =afdauidai=, pps. of =*afmôjan=, and =*afdôjan=, _to tire out, weary_; =sauil=, n., _sun_.

(b) For û in the other Germanic languages: =trauan= (OHG. trûên), _to trust_; =bauan= (OHG. bûan), _to dwel_; =bnauan=, _to rub_ (_to pieces_ or _powder_. ON. (g)núa, OHG. nûan). Cp. also § 179, n. 2.

Sinse this =au= does not change into =aw= before vowels, it must denote a monofthong which is likely to be the long of =aú=, hense a long open =o= (= a in E. fall), while long close =o= (shading very much to =û=, like ô in E. home) is denoted by =ô=. Accordingly, Goth. antevocalic =ô=, =û= past into =au=. Cp. Brgm., I, 156. For the extensiv literature on this question, s. Noreen's 'Urgerm. Lautlehre', p. 34; also Beitr., 17, 563-567.

NOTE 1. Also Gr. ω before a vowel, which is represented as a
rule by =ô=, is renderd by =au=: =Trauada=, Τρῳάς; =Nauêl=, Νωέ;
=Lauidja=, Λωίς.

NOTE 2. =ô= before =u= occurs, however, in the preterit forms
=waiwôun= (inf. =waian=, § 182), =lailôun= (inf. =*lauan=, § 179,
4). Cp. Beitr., 11, 74².