Chapter VIII: Preface (8)

Eble li obeos al vi, he may (perhaps he will) obey you.
Kredeble li sukcesos, probably he will succeed.
Versxajne vi estas prava, you are probably right.
Eble oni lin savus, they might (possibly they would) save him.
Ili nepre ne batis lin,
they could not have (surely did not) beat him.
Tio estas neebla! That can not be (that is impossible)!

THE PREFIX "GE-".

271. Words formed with the prefix "ge-" indicate the two sexes together:

gepatroj = parents. gefiloj = son(s) and daughter(s).
geavoj = grandparents. gefratoj = brother(s) and sister(s).
genepoj = grandchildren. geedzoj = husband(s) and wife (wives).
gesinjoroj = Mr. and Mrs., lady (ladies) and gentleman (gentlemen).

THE SUFFIX "-ACX-".

272. The suffix "-acx-" has a disparaging significance:

domacxo = a hovel. pentracxi = to daub.
hundacxo = a cur. popolacxo = rabble, mob.
obstinacxa = obstinate. ridacxi = to guffaw.

INTERJECTIONS.

273. Interjections are words used to express feeling or call attention. Among the more common interjections are:

Adiaux! Farewell! (171). Hura! Hurrah!
Fi! Fie! Nu! Well!
Ho! Oh! Ho! Ve! Woe! (Ho ve! Alas!).

[Footnote: Verbs in the imperative, and adverbs, are frequently used as interjections, as "Atentu!", Look out!, "Auxskultu!", Hark!, "Bonvenu!", Welcome!, "Antauxen!", Forward!, "Bone!", Good!, "For!", Away!, "Ja!", Indeed!, "Jen!", There!, Behold!]

[Footnote: The interjection "fi" is sometimes used as a disparaging prefix, like "-acx-" (272), as "fibirdo", ugly bird, "ficxevalo", a sorry nag.]

VOCABULARY

Aleksandri-o = Alexandria. fond-i = to found, establish.
Amerik-o = America. hispan-o = Spaniard.
Aristotel-o = Aristotle. kapabl-a = capable.
Auxstrali-o = Australia. komun-a = common, mutual.
bibliotek-o = library. kontinent-o = continent.
eduk-i = to bring up, educate. Krist-o = Christ.
Egipt-o = Egypt. milion-o = million.
estim-i = to esteem. spite = in spite of.
firm-a = firm. vast-a = vast, extensive.

ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.

Permesu ke mi diru kelkajn vortojn pri la vivo de Aleksandro Granda, kiu ne estis matura viro sed havis nur dudek jarojn kiam li farigxis regxo. Liaj gepatroj estis tre zorge edukintaj lin, kaj la filozofo Aristotelo, kiun li tre alte estimis, estis unu el liaj instruistoj. Aleksandro firme tenadis sian propran regxolandon, kaj ankaux Grekujon, kiun lia patro estis venkinta; krom tio, li faris militadojn kontraux diversaj fremdaj landoj, unue en Azio, tiam en Afriko, kie li fondis urbon, kaj gxin nomis Aleksandrio. Aleksandrio nepre estis belega ricxa urbo. Tie trovigxis* poste la fama Aleksandria biblioteko. Se gxi ne estus detruita de fajro, en la dauxro de iuj militadoj, ni sendube konus multe pli bone la sciadon de la antikvaj grekoj, kiuj versxajne estis la plej klera popolo iam vivinta en Euxropo. Venkinte Egipton, Aleksandro reiris en Azion, gxis tre orienta kaj suda partoj, venkante cxiujn cxie, kvazaux ili estus la plej malkuragxaj popolacxoj en la mondo. Sed spite cxies petoj li estis obstinacxe nezorgema pri sia sano, kaj subite, ho ve, li mortis pro febro, tricent dektri jarojn antaux Kristo. Se li ne estus tiel frue mortinta, kiel multe li estus eble elfarinta! Li esperis venki Hispanujon, Italujon, kaj, mallongavorte, tiom de la okcidenta mondo kiom li jam posedis de la orienta. Tiam li celis kunigi cxion en unu vastan imperion, kvazaux por fari el la mondo unu grandan familion. Li intencis ke la milionoj da enlogxantoj akceptu komunajn legxojn kaj kutimojn, ecx komunan lingvon, -- kredeble la grekan. Eble li ja havis la kapablecon por fari cxion cxi. Estas pro tio ke oni ofte auxdas la diron "Aleksandro sopiris je aliaj mondoj por venki." Tamen, kiel malgranda estis tiu mondo kiun li konis! La tiamuloj konis nur malgrandan parton de Afriko, de Azio, ecx de Euxropo. Ili sciis nenion pri Anglujo, aux pri la vastaj kontinentoj Auxstralio, norda kaj suda Amerikoj.

[Footnote: The use of "trovigxi", and also of "sin trovi", "kusxi", "stari" and "sidi", in a sense not greatly differing from that of "esti", avoids the monotonous repetition of forms of "esti", just as English uses "lie", "sit", "perch", etc., in narration for similar reasons: Multaj vilagxoj trovigxas tie, many villages are (situated) there. Egipto trovigxas en la nordorienta parto de Afriko, Egypt is (found) in the northeastern part of Africa. Li sin trovis sola en la dezerto, he found himself (he was) alone in the desert. La urbo kusxis inter du lagoj, the city lay between two lakes. Sur la montflanko sidis vilagxeto, on the mountainside perched a tiny village.]

SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.

1. Alexander the Great wished to unite the whole world into one vast empire. 2. He intended that all the different peoples should conform to common laws and that their sons-and-daughters should speak one common language, and in spite of their love for their national languages, should leave-off speaking them. 3. Possibly he might have accomplished his object to some extent (217), if he had not died suddenly when he was only thirty-two years old. 4. His soldiers marched weeping past his tent, to bid farewell to their dying leader. 5. They must have esteemed him very highly! 6. It was Alexander who founded the city of Alexandria, in Egypt, where approximately three hundred years before Christ the famous Alexandrian library was located. 7. It contained an enormous collection-of-books -- almost seven hundred thousand. 8. Alas, this extensive library was destroyed by fire! 9. Alexander, who "sighed for other worlds to conquer," did not even know of the existence of North and South America, Australia, or even of England and Northern Europe. 10. Beside his Asiatic empire, he knew very little of Asia, even of China, with its millions of inhabitants. 11. How small the world was in those days!

LESSON LIX.

THE POSITION OF UNEMPHATIC PRONOUNS.

274. An unemphatic personal, indefinite or demonstrative pronoun very frequently precedes the verb of which it is the object. This is especially true if the verb in question is an infinitive:

Mi volas lin vidi, I wish to see him.
Li povos tion fari, he will be able to do that.
Vi devus ion mangxi, you ought to eat something.
Cxu vi gxin kredis? Did you believe it?
Se li min vidus, li min savus, if he should see me, he would save me.

[Footnote: Cf. in other languages, as in German "ich moechte ihn sehen", French "je veux le voir", Latin "se alunt, me defendi", etc. That such pronouns "are" unemphatic can be seen from English "let her come" (= "let'er come"), "make him stop" (= "make'im stop"), etc., in which the unemphatic forms "er, im", replace "him, her", in pronunciation (cf. the Greek enclitic pronouns "mou, moi, me, son, soi, se, ou, oi, e,", the Sanskrit enclitic forms "ma, me, tva, te, nas, vas, enam, enat, enam," also "sim", and the Avestan "i, im"). The same phenomenon is indicated in "prithee" (= "pray thee"), and in the spellings "gimme" (= "give me"), "lemme" (= "let me"), in dialect stories.]

SOME INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

275. Some intransitive verbs have English meanings which do not differ in form from the transitive English verbs to which they are related. In Esperanto the suffix "-ig-" (214) must be used when the transitive meaning is desired. Some examples are given in the following table:

Verb. Intransitive Use. Transitive Use.

Boli . . . . La akvo bolas Li boligas la akvon
The water boils He boils the water

Bruli. . . . La fajro brulas Li bruligis la paperon
The fire burns He burned the paper

Cxesi. . . . La bruo cxesas Li cxesigas la bruon
The noise stops He stops the noise

Dauxri . . . La bruo dauxras Li dauxrigas la bruon
The noise continues He continues the noise

Degeli . . . La glacio degelas Li gxin degeligas per fajro
The ice thaws He thaws it with fire

Droni. . . . La knabino dronis La viro sxin dronigis
The girl drowned The man drowned her

Eksplodi . . Pulvo eksplodas Li gxin eksplodigos
Gunpowder explodes He will explode it

Halti. . . . Li haltis timigite Li haltigis la soldatojn
He halted in alarm He halted the soldiers

Lumi . . . . La suno lumas Li lumigis la lampon
The sun shines He lighted the lamp

Pasi . . . . La tempo pasas Tiel li pasigis la tagon
Time passes Thus he passed the day

Pendi. . . . Gxi pendas de brancxo Li gxin pendigis de brancxo
It hangs on a branch He hung it on a branch

Soni . . . . La saluta pafo sonis Oni sonigis la salutan pafon
The salute sounded They sounded the salute

Sonori . . . La sonorilo sonoris Oni sonorigis la sonorilon
The bell rang They rang the bell

[Footnote: A transitive use of such intransitive verbs would be like using the English intransitive verb "learn" for the transitive verb "teach," as in the "I'll learn you" (for "I'll teach you") of illiterate speech.]

THE SUFFIX "-ER-".

276. The suffix "-er-" is used to form words expressing units or component parts of that which is indicated in the root:

fajrero = spark (of fire). negxero = snowflake.
monero = coin. sablero = grain of sand.

THE PREFIXES "BO-" AND "DUON-".

277. The prefix "bo-" indicates relationship by marriage. To indicate half-blood relationship, or step-relationship, "duon-" (166) is used:

bopatro = father-in-law. duonpatro = stepfather.
bofratino = sister-in-law. duonfrato = half-brother.

CORRESPONDENCE.

278. a. Letters should be dated as indicated in the following:

Bostono, je la 24a de decembro, 1912a.
Nov-Jorko, la 24an decembro, 1912a.
Sirakuzo, 24/XII/1912.

b. The usual methods of address are (to strangers and in business letters): "Sinjoro, Sinjorino, Estimata Sinjoro, Karaj Sinjoroj, Tre estimata Frauxlino," etc.; (to friends and relatives) "Kara Frauxlino, Karaj Gefratoj, Kara Amiko, Kara Mario, Patrino mia," (placing the possessive adjective after the noun in this way gives an affectionate sense, as in English "Mother mine," etc) etc.; (to persons whose opinions on some subject are known to agree with those of the writer) "Estimata (Kara) Samideano" ("follower of the same idea").

c. Among the more usual forms of conclusion are (to strangers and in business letters): "Tre fidele la via, Tre vere, Kun granda estimo, Kun plej alta estimo," etc., (to friends): "Kun amika saluto, Kun cxiuj bondeziroj, Kun samideanaj salutoj, Frate la via," etc.

VOCABULARY

adres-o = address. krajon-o = pencil.
apart-a = separate. mend-i = to order (of stores, etc).
bedaur-i = to regret. Nov-Jorko = New York.
cxef-a = chief. numer-o = number (numeral).
do = so, then. ofic-o = office, employment.
fontan-o = fountain. posxt-o = post (letters, etc.).
hotel-o = hotel. respekt-o = respect.
ink-o = ink. special-a = special.
konven-a = suitable. stat-o = state (political body)
kovert-o = envelope (for letters) tram-o = tram.

[Footnote: "Cxef-" is often used in descriptive compounds (167, b), as "cxefkuiristo", chief (head) cook, chef, "cxefurbo", chief city, capital, "cxefangxelo", archangel.]

* * * * *

KELKAJ LETEROJ.

* * * * *

Sirakuzo, la 2an de marto, 1911.

Kara Amiko,

Sendube vin surprizos ricevi leteron skribitan de mi cxe hotelo en cxi tiu urbo, ne tre malproksime de via propra oficejo! Via bofrato, kiun mi okaze renkontis hieraux en la posxtoficejo, donis al mi vian adreson. Gxis nun, mi estas tiel okupata ke mi ne havis la tempon ecx por telefoni al vi. Sed nun mi havas du aux tri minutojn da libera tempo, kaj mi tuj ekkaptas la okazon por skribi letereton, petante ke vi vespermangxu kun mi hodiaux vespere, cxe la hotelo kie, kiel vi vidas, mi logxas de antaux unu tago. (Pardonu, mi petas, "ke" mi finas cxi tiun leteron per krajono, sed mi jxus eltrovis ke restas neniom plu da inko en mia fontanplumo.) Venu je la sesa, se tiu horo estas konvena. Bedauxrinde ("unfortunately"), mi devos forresti de la hotelo la tutan posttagmezon, pri komercaj aferoj, alie mi vin renkontus cxe la tramvojo, kie haltas la tramveturiloj ("streetcars"). Estos plej bone, mi opinias, ke vi iru rekte al mia cxambro, numero 26, kie mi senprokraste vin renkontos, se mi ne estos efektive jam vin atendanta. Ni esperu ke la cxefkuiristo preparos al ni bonan mangxon! Mi esperas ke vi malatentos la falantajn negxerojn, kaj nepre venos, responde al mia iomete subita invito, cxar ni ja havos multe da komunaj travivajxoj por priparoli. Do gxis la baldauxa revido je la vespermangxo!

Kun plej amikaj salutoj,

Roberto.

[Footnote: The word "tial" may be omitted from the combination "tial ke" (83), if the meaning is obvious.]

* * * * *

Boston, 13/VII/1911.

Wilson kaj Jones, Nov-Jorko. Estimataj Sinjoroj:-- Bonvolu sendi al mi per revenanta posxto vian plej novan prezaron ("price-list"). Ni baldaux bezonos iujn novajn meblojn por niaj oficejoj, precipe skribtablojn, tablojn konvenajn por skribmasxinoj ("typewriters"), kaj specialajn librujojn, farotajn laux niaj bezonoj. Se viaj prezoj estas konvenaj, ni sendube volos mendi de vi tian meblaron. Kun respekto, J. F. Smith, cxe Brown kaj Brown.

* * * * *

Nov-Jorko, 17/VII/1911.

Sinjoro J. F. Smith, cxe Brown kaj Brown, Nov-Jorko. Estimata Sinjoro:-- Ni havas la honoron sendi al vi en aparta koverto nian plej novan prezaron, al kiu ni petas ke vi donu vian atenton, precipe al pagxoj 15-29. Tie vi trovos priskribitaj niajn plej bonajn oficejajn meblarojn. Ni senpage metos cxiujn acxetitajn meblojn sur la vagonaron, sed kompreneble ni ne pagos la koston de la sendado. Ni plezure fabrikos specialajn librujojn laux viaj bezonoj, kaj volonte ricevos viajn ordonojn pri tio. Niaj prezoj estos kiel eble plej malaltaj. Esperante ke la meblaroj priskribitaj en nia prezaro, kune kun la tie-presitaj prezoj, estos plene kontentigaj, kaj certigante al vi ke ni zorge plenumos cxiun mendon, ni restas, Tre respekte la viaj, Wilson kaj Jones.

* * * * *

Bostono, la 27an Majo.

Sinjoro B. F. Brown, Sirakuzo, Nov-Jorka Sxtato. Kara Sinjoro:-- Vian adreson ni dankas al niaj komunaj amikoj Sinjoroj Miller kaj White, kaj per cxi tio ni permesas al ni proponi al vi niajn servojn por la vendado de tiaj infanludiloj, kiajn vi fabrikas. Ni havas bonegajn montrajn fenestrojn ("show-windows"), en nia butiko, preskaux meze de la cxefstrato en la urbo, kaj en nia butiko trovigxas suficxe da grandaj vitramebloj ("show-cases"). Tial ni povus tre oportune administri tian aferon. Ni multe gxojos se vi respondos kiel eble plej baldaux, sciigante al ni kiom da procento vi donos, kaj kiajn arangxojn vi volus fari. Ni certigas al vi ke en cxiu okazo ni penos fari nian eblon por via plej bona intereso. Kun alta estimo, D. Rose.

LESSON LX.

SOME TRANSITIVE VERBS.

279. Some transitive verbs have English meanings which do not differ in form from the "intransitive" English verbs to which they are related (conversely to the use explained in 275). In Esperanto the suffix "-igx-" (232), or a different root, must be used when an intransitive meaning is desired. Following are the more common verbs of this character, together with examples of the intransitive use of several of them:

balanci = to balance. renversi = to upset, to overturn.
etendi = to extend, to expand. rompi = to break.
fermi = to close, to shut. ruli = to roll, (wheel, ball, etc.).
fini = to end, to finish. skui = to shake.
fleksi = to bend, to flex. strecxi = to stretch.
hejti = to heat. svingi = to swing.
klini = to incline, to bend. sxanceli = to cause to vacillate.
kolekti = to gather, to collect. sxangxi = to change.
komenci = to begin, to commence. sxiri = to tear.
mezuri = to measure. turni = to turn.
montri = to show. veki = to wake.
movi = to move. versxi = to pour.
pasxti = to pasture, to feed. volvi = to roll (around something).

La laboro nun finigxas, the work is now coming to an end.
La glavo fleksigxis, the sword bent.
La folioj disvolvigxas, the leaves unroll (develop).
Cxiu kutimo sxangxigxos, every custom will change.
La vintro jam komencigxas, the winter is already beginning.
Mi vekigxos je la sesa, I shall awake at six (o'clock).
La montrilo sxanceligxis, the indicator trembled (vacillated).
Vasta ebenajxo etendigxis antaux li,
a vast plain extended before him.

ELISION.

280. Elision is not common, and its use in writing as well as in speaking is best avoided. It occurs most frequently in poetry.

a. The "-a" of the article may be elided before a word beginning with avowel, or after a preposition ending in a vowel:

L' espero, l' obstino kaj la pacienco.
De l' montoj riveretoj fluas.
Kaj kantas tra l' pura aero.

b. The final "-o" of a noun may be elided in poetry. The original accent of the noun remains unchanged:

Ho, mia kor', ne batu maltrankvile.
Sur la kampo la rozet'.

c. The final "-e" of an adverb is very rarely elided (except in the expression "dank' al", which occurs in prose as well as in poetry):

Ke povu mi foj' je eterno ekdormi!
Dank' al vi, mi sukcesis. (Thanks to you, I succeeded.)

THE PREFIX "EKS-".

281. The prefix "eks-" is used to form words expressing a previous incumbent of a position, or removal from such position:

eksprezidanto, ex-president.
eksregxo, ex-king.
eksigi, to put out of office, to discharge.
eksigxi, to withdraw from one's office, to resign.

THE PREFIX "PRA-".

282. The prefix "pra-" is used to form words expressing precedence in the line of descent, or general remoteness in past time:

praavo = great grandfather. prapatroj = forefathers, ancestors.
pranepo = great grandson. pratempa = primeval.

THE SUFFIXES "-CXJ-" AND "-NJ-".

283. The suffix "-cxj-" is used to form affectionate diminutives, from the first syllable or syllables of masculine names or terms of address. The suffix "-nj-" forms similar feminine diminutives:

Jocxjo = Johnnie, Joe. Manjo = May, Mamie.
Pacxjo = Papa. Panjo = Mamma.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

284. National systems of weights and measures translated into international form (as "mejlo", mile, "funto", pound) cannot convey a very definite meaning to one not familiar with the particular system used. Consequently the metric system (already used by scientists everywhere and by the general public in many countries) is adopted for the international system of weights and measures:

Length and Surface.

milimetro = millimeter (.0394 inch).
centimetro = centimeter (.3937 inch).
decimetro = decimeter (3.937 inches).
metro = meter (39.37 inches).
dekametro = dekameter (393.7 inches).
hektometro = hektometer (328 feet 1 inch).
kilometro = kilometer (3280 feet 10 inches; .62137 mile).
kvadrata metro = square meter (1550 square inches).
hektaro = hektare (2.471 acres).

Weight.

gramo = gram (15.432 grains avoirdupois).
dekagramo = dekagram (.3527 ounce avoirdupois).
hektogramo = hektogram (3.5274 ounce avoirdupois).
kilogramo = kilogram (2.2046 pounds avoirdupois).

Capacity.

decilitro = deciliter (6.1022 cubic inches; .845 gill).
litro = liter (.908 quart, dry measure; 1.0567 quart, liquid).
dekalitro = dekaliter (9.08 quart, dry measure; 2.6417 gallons).
hektolitro = hektoliter (2 bushels 3.35 pecks; 26.417 gallons).
kilolitro = kiloliter (1.308 cubic yards; 264.17 gallons).

THE INTERNATIONAL MONEY SYSTEM.

285. Names of national coins translated into international form (as "dolaro", dollar, "cendo", cent) cannot convey a very definite meaning to persons not familiar with these coins. Consequently the system devised for international use (not for actual coins, but for calculation and price quotations) is based upon a unit called the "speso". The multiples of this unit are the "spesdeko" (10 spesoj), "spescento" (100 spesoj), and "spesmilo" (1000 spesoj). Ten spesmiloj have approximately the value of a five-dollar gold piece, twenty marks, twenty-five francs, one pound sterling, etc. The spesmilo, equivalent to about $0.4875 in the money of the United States and Canada, is the unit commonly used. (To reduce dollars to spesmiloj, multiply by 2.051.)

ABBREVIATIONS.

286. The following abbreviations are often used (for those of the metric system see any English dictionary):

Dro. = Doktoro, [Dr.] Sm. = spesmilo(j).
Fino. = Frauxlino, [Miss]. Sd. = spesdeko(j).
Pro. = Profesoro, [Prof.] k.t.p. = kaj tiel plu, [and so forth].
Sro. = Sinjoro, [Mr.] k.c. = kaj ceteraj, [etc.]
Sino. = Sinjorino, [Mrs.] k.sim. = kaj simila(j), [et. sim.]
Ko. = K-io., Kompanio, [Co.] t.e. = tio estas, [i.e.]
No. = N-ro., Numero, [No.] e. = ekzemple, [e.g.]
& = kaj, &. p.s. = postskribajxo, [P.S.]

VOCABULARY.

abon-i = to subscribe to, take. led-o = leather.
aparat-o = apparatus. metal-o = metal.
auxtomat-a = automatic. moment-o = moment.
bov-o = ox. negativ-o = negative.
dimensi-o = dimension. objektiv-o = lens, objective.
ekzempl-o = example. original-o = original.
fokus-o = focus. plat-o = plate (photographic,etc)
fotograf-i = to photograph. prov-i = to try.
funkci-i = to function, work. reklam-i = to advertise.
kamer-o = camera. strecx-i = to stretch (trans.).

[Footnote: Cf. the difference between "provi", to try, in the sense of testing, making an essay or endeavor, "peni", to try, in the sense of taking pains or making an effort, and "jugxi", to try, in a judicial sense.]

* * * * *

PRI LA KAMERO.

Bostono, 12/XI/1910.

Brown kaj Ko.,
Nov-Jorko.
Sinjoroj:--
Vidinte vian reklamon en gazeto al kiu mi abonas, mi skribas por
peti ke vi sendu al mi priskribajxon de via kamero nomita "La Infaneto,"
kiun eble mi deziros provi.
Bonvolu ankaux sendi dekduonon da platoj, 6 x 9 centimetrojn, por kiu
mi cxi* kune sendas spesmilon kaj duonon.
Kun respekto,
J. C. Smith.

[Footnote: The particle "cxi" (used with "tiu, tio, ties, cxiu, cxio") may also be used with certain adverbs, as "cxi sube", "here below", "cxi supre", "here above", "cxi kune", "herewith", etc.]

* * * * *

Nov-Jorko, 18an novembro, 1910.

Kara Sinjoro:-- Respondante al via estimata letero de la 12a, ni donas cxi sube mallongan priskribajxon de nia bonega fotografilo nomita "La Infaneto." "La Infaneto" kamero havis neesperitan sukceson, kaj estas vendita po miloj da ekzempleroj. Cxie oni unuvocxe lauxdas gxian malgrandan kaj tamen bonegan konstruon, kaj ankaux gxian firman samtempe facilan funkciadon. Gxi ne estas pli granda ol monujo, tial gxi ne bezonas pli multe da spaco ol tiu, kaj povas esti portata kaj uzata treege konvene. La dimensioj de la fermita kamero estas 8 x 5 x 6.5 centimetroj. La pezo, kun objektivo, tri platingoj, kaj malbrila ("ground") vitro, estas 365 gramoj. "La Infaneto" estas konstruita tute el metalo, kaj kovrita de bonega bovledo. Kiam oni malfermas la aparaton, la objektivo samtempe enfokusigxas, tiamaniere ke la kamero estas preta por uzado post unu sekundo, cxar la objektivfermilo ("shutter") estas cxiam strecxita. Sekve: neniaj preparadoj, nenia prokrasto je la ekfotografado. La negativoj estas klaraj gxis la bordo, kaj tial konvenaj por pligrandigo. Cetere, oni scias ke bona pligrandigo ofte pli kontentigas ol malgranda originalo. Precipe cxe promenoj kaj vojagxoj oni tial volonte preferas la malgrandan "Infaneton," por poste pligrandigi la negativojn. Por la pligrandigo ni fabrikas specialajn taglum-pligrandigajn aparatojn, kies prezoj estas malaltaj (vidu en nia prezaro). Ni ne sxangxis la konstruon de "La Infaneto" de post 1909, cxar gxis nun gxi estas cxiurilate kontentiga. Sole la rapideca reguligo de la momenta ("instantaneous") fermilo estas plibonigita, cxar ni gxin fabrikas kun speciala auxtomata fermilo, kiu estas arangxita por malfermoj dauxraj ("time exposures"), kaj momentaj, je unu sekundo gxis unu centono da sekundo. Esperante ke ni baldaux ricevos mendon de vi, kaj certigante al vi ke ni tre zorge plenumos iun ajn mendon, ni restas. Tre respekte la viaj, Brown & Ko. Per C.

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ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

The following vocabulary includes all roots used in the preceding Lessons, all primary words of the language, and a large number of additional roots (to facilitate original composition). No attempt has been made, however, to include all of the roots in the language, for which an Esperanto-English Dictionary should be consulted.

References are to sections, unless the page (p.) is given. For other parts of speech than those indicated under each root or primary word, see Word Formation, 116, 120, 159, 171. See also the references given under each prefix and suffix. For formation of compound words, see 160, 167, 176, 184. The following abbreviations are used: adj. = adjective; adv. = adverb; conj. = conjunction; intrans. = intransitive; prep. = preposition; trans. = transitive; -- = repetition of the word.

A.

abel-o = bee. abi-o = fir. abiturient-o = bachelor of arts (A.B.). abomen-a = abominable. abon-i = to subscribe to, take (magazine, etc.). abrikot-o = apricot. acer-o = maple (tree). acid-a = acid, sour. -acx- = derogatory suffix (272). acxet-i = to buy. -ad- = suffix indicating duration (218). adiaux = (adv. and interjection), farewell, good-bye (171, 273). adjektiv-o = adjective. administr-i = to administer, to manage. admir-i = to admire. admon-i = to exhort, admonish. ador-i = to worship, adore. adres-o = address (on letters, etc.). adverb-o = adverb. advokat-o = lawyer, barrister. aer-o = air. afabl-a = affable, amiable. afer-o = affair, matter, thing, cause. afisx-o = handbill, placard, poster. afrank-i = to frank (letters), prepay; --ite, post-paid. Afrik-o = Africa. ag-i = to act, perform action. agac-i = to set on edge (of teeth). agent-o = agent. agit-i = to agitate. agl-o = eagle. agoni-o = agony. agrabl-a = agreeable, pleasant. agx-o = age. ajn = (adv.), ever (236). -ajx- = (suffix forming concrete words) (227). akademi-o = academy. akcel-i = (trans.), to accelerate, hasten. akcent-o = accent, stress. akcept-i = to accept, receive, welcome. akcident-o = accident. akir-i = to acquire. akompan-i = to accompany. akr-a = sharp, acute, shrill. akrid-o = grasshopper. aks-o = axis, axle. akt-o = act (of a play). aktiv-a = active (grammatical). aktor-o = actor (player). akurat-a = accurate, exact. akuz-i = to accuse. akuzativ-o = accusative. akv-o = water. akvarel-o = water-color painting. akvari-o = aquarium. al = (prep.), to, toward (46, 160, 251, 252). alauxd-o = lark (bird). ale-o = avenue, walk, path (of garden, park, etc.). Aleksandri-o = Alexandria. Aleksandr-o = Alexander. alfabet-o = alphabet. Alfred-o = Alfred. algebr-o = algebra. ali-a = other. alk-o = elk. alkohol-o = alcohol. alkov-o = alcove, recess. almanak-o = almanac. almenaux = (adv.), at least (66). almoz-o = alms; --ulo, beggar. alt-a = high, tall. altar-o = altar. alud-i = to allude to. alumet-o = match (for fire). am-i = to love. amas-o = crowd, throng, mass. ambaux = (pronoun), both (of two objects naturally in pairs,or of persons or things assumed or already known to be thus grouped) (238). ambos-o = anvil. amel-o = starch. Amerik-o = America. amfibi-a = amphibious. amfiteatr-o = amphitheatre. amik-o = friend. amindum-i = to woo, make love. ampleks-o = extent, dimension. amuz-i = to amuse. -an- = suffix denoting membership, etc. (145). analiz-i = to analyse. ananas-o = pineapple. anas-o = duck. anekdot-o = anecdote. Angl-o = Englishman. angul-o = angle, corner. angxel-o = angel. anim-o = soul. ankaux = (adv.), also. ankoraux = (adv), still, yet. ankr-o = anchor. anonc-i = to announce. ans-o = latch, door-handle. anser-o = goose. anstataux = (prep.), instead of (98, 159). antaux = (prep.), before (89, 90, 120, 159, 160), "antaux ol" (conj.), 97, 98. antikv-a = ancient, antique. antilop-o = antelope. antipati-o = antipathy. aparat-o = apparatus. apart-a = separate. apartament-o = apartment, suite (of rooms). aparten-i = to belong. apati-o = apathy. apenaux = (adv.), scarcely, hardly. aper-i = to appear. apetit-o = appetite. aplauxd-i = to applaud. aplomb-o = assurance, self-command. apog-i = to lean, to rest (upon). apologi-o = apology, vindication. apotek-o = pharmacy, drugstore, chemist's shop. april-o = April. aprob-i = to approve. apud = (prep.), near to, close by (120, 159). -ar- = suffix forming collectives (126). Arab-o = Arab. arane-o = spider. arangx-i = to arrange. arb-o = tree. arbitraci-i = to arbitrate. ardez-o = slate (stone). aren-o = arena. arest-i = to arrest. argil-o = clay. argument-i = to argue. argxent-o = silver (metal). arhxitektur-o = architecture. Arhximed-o = Archimedes. ari-o = tune, air (music). Aristejd-o = Aristeides. aristokrat-o = aristocrat. Aristotel-o = Aristotle. aritmetik-o = arithmetic. ark-o = arc. arkad-o = arcade. arm-i = to arm. arme-o = army. armoraci-o = horse-radish. arogant-a = arrogant. arom-o = aroma, fragrance. art-o = art. artik-o = joint. artikol-o = article (grammatical or literary). Artur-o = Arthur. asekur-i = to insure (with a company). asoci-o = association (organization). asparag-o = asparagus. aspekt-o = aspect, appearance. astr-o = heavenly body, star. atak-i = to attack. atend-i = to wait, wait for, expect. atent-a = attentive. atest-i = to attest, give witness, certify. ating-i = to attain, reach. atlas-o = satin. atlet-o = athlete. atmosfer-o = atmosphere. atribut-o = attribute. aux = (conj.), or, either. auxd-i = to hear. auxgust-o = August. auxskult-i = to listen. Auxstrali-o = Australia. auxtomat-a = automatic. auxtor-o = author. auxtun-o = autumn. av-o = grandfather. avar-a = avaricious, miserly. avel-o = hazel-nut. aven-o = oats. avert-i = to warn, caution. avid-a = eager. aviz-i = to give notice. azen-o = ass, donkey. Azi-o = Asia. azot-o = nitrogen.

B.

babil-i = to chatter, babble. bagatel-o = trifle, bagatelle. bal-o = ball (dance). bak-i = to bake. bala-i = to sweep (a floor, etc.). balanc-i = (trans.), to balance, poise; --i la kapon, to nod the head. baldaux = (adv.), soon. balen-o = whale. ban-i = (trans.), to bathe. banan-o = banana. bandagx-i = to bandage. bank-o = bank (financial). bankrot-i = to become bankrupt, fail. bant-o = bow (of ribbon). bar-i = (trans.), to bar, to obstruct. barakt-i = to wrestle, struggle. barb-o = beard. barbar-o = barbarian. barel-o = barrel. bariton-o = barytone. bas-o = bass (voice). baston-o = stick. bat-i = to beat. batal-i = to fight, battle. batat-o = sweet potato. bedauxr-i = to regret. bek-o = beak, bill. bel-a = beautiful, handsome. belg-o = Belgian. ben-i = to bless. benk-o = bench. ber-o = berry. best-o = animal, beast. bet-o = beet. bezon-i = to need, want. bibliotek-o = library. bicikl-o = bicycle. bien-o = land, property, estate. bier-o = beer. bifstek-o = beefsteak. bild-o = picture, image. bilet-o = ticket, note; bank--, bank-note, bill. bird-o = bird. bis = (adv.), once more, a second time, encore. biskvit-o = biscuit. blank-a = white. blek-i = to neigh, bleat, give its cry (of any animal). blind-a = blind. blov-i = to blow. blu-a = blue (color). bluz-o = blouse. bo- = prefix expressing relationship by marriage (277). boat-o = boat. boj-i = to bark (of dogs). bol-i = (intrans.), to boil. bombon-o = bonbon, sweet. bon-a = good; --veni, to welcome. bor-i = to bore (holes). bord-o = shore, bank, edge (of rivers, etc.). Boston-o = Boston. bot-o = boot. botel-o = bottle. bov-o = ox; --ajxo, beef; --idajxo, veal; --viro, bull. brak-o = arm (of the body). brancx-o = branch, bough. brand-o = brandy. brasik-o = cabbage; (florbrasiko), cauliflower. brav-a = brave. bret-o = shelf, bracket. brid-o = bridle (of harness). brik-o = brick, tile. bril-i = to shine (116). Brit-o = Briton. brod-i = to embroider. bronz-o = bronze. bros-i = to brush. brosxur-o = pamphlet, brochure. brov-o = eyebrow. bru-o = noise. brul-i = (intrans.), to burn (275). brun-a = brown. brut-o = cattle, dumb animal. bub-o = street arab, gamin. bucx-i = to slaughter, butcher. buf-o = toad. buk-o = buckle (metal). buked-o = bouquet. bukl-o = curl, ringlet (of hair). bulb-o = onion, bulb. bulgar-o = Bulgarian. bulk-o = roll (bread). bulvard-o = boulevard. burgxon-o = bud, young shoot. busx-o = mouth. buter-o = butter. butik-o = shop, store. buton-o = button.

C.

cel-i = to aim, have as purpose or goal. celeri-o = celery. cend-o = cent (coin). cent = hundred (142). centigram-o = centigram (284). centilitr-o = centiliter (284). centimetr-o = centimeter (284). centr-o = center. cerb-o = brain. cert-a = certain, sure. cerv-o = stag, deer. ceter-a = remaining. ci = (pronoun), thou (40). cidoni-o = quince. cifer-o = cipher. cigar-o = cigar. cigared-o = cigarette. cign-o = swan. cilindr-o = cylinder. cinam-o = cinnamon. cindr-o = ashes. cir-o = blacking (for shoes). cirkonstanc-o = circumstance. cirkuler-o = circular (letter). Cirus-o = Cyrus. cit-i = to quote. citron-o = lemon. civiliz-i = to civilize. col-o = inch (measure).